Uwagi na temat procesu kształtowania granic wsi w Polsce do końca XVIII wieku w kontekście morfogenetycznym

Abstract

W artykule omówiono w zarysie proces kształtowania granic wsi w Polsce w średniowieczu i epoce nowożytnej. Analizy następstwa stosowanych procedur delimitacji oraz demarkacji granic w krajobrazie kulturowym wsi dokonano w świetle odpowiednio wyselekcjonowanego materiału źródłowego w konfrontacji z wynikami dotychczasowych badań geograficzno-historycznych w tym zakresie. W pracy podjęto także problem powiązania kwestii formowania granic z zagadnieniem pochodzenia form osadniczych w ujęciu morfogenetycznym. Pozwoliło to na wykrycie wielu prawidłowości i dało podstawę do ustalenia współzależności w sferze osadnictwa wiejskiego w okresie staropolskim.

The article discusses the process of shaping the boundaries of the rural settlements in Poland until the end of the eighteenth century. Analysis of the procedures of delimitation and demarcation of limits in the cultural landscape of the village was carried out on the basis of the collected historical sources in the form of documents, descriptive materials and judicial maps in the confrontation with the results of geographical and historical research. In this work the problem of forming the boundaries was also connected with the issue of the morphogenesis of villages. The process of so called ujazd was the most important form of shaping the spatial extent of the villages in the Middle Ages. During the feudalization of social relations one can indicate the process of linearization of zonal boundaries. The course of demarcation gradually changed in the context of codification of border law. On the basis of comparative analysis of internal limits of the medieval villages one can identify the regular and irregular forms of layout. External limits and geometric form of village depended mainly on the temporal sequence of settlements formation. In the Modern Period the institutionalization of shaping the boundaries occurred in association with the development of the land jurisdiction. In this context, complex procedures of demarcation were commonly used, taking into account the ways of limitation and border marks used in the field. New measurement techniques and maps of border disputes were also an important innovation of demarcation. Rural settlements from that period were varied from the point of view of internal and external limits. Villages formed in the process of so called pomiara włóczna, Frederician colonization and some Olęder villages showed a high degree of regularity of internal division, and their external limits were clearly dominated by linear segments. A significant part of the manorial villages, pre-industrial settlements and a part of the Olęder villages were much less regular, both in terms of internal divisions and external limits.