The last twenty years of the 19th century were characterized by rapid development of industry in Łódź industrial district. Undoubtedly this development was mainly caused by the development of textile industry. However, ...

The diplomatic action of A. J. Czartoryski’s camp in Great Britain in the first months of emigration was the direct continuation of the works carried on during the November Uprising. Until the Prince’s arrival in London ...

The problem was discussed on the examples of five gubernyas of the Polish Kingdom (Warszawa, Lublin, Kielce, Piotrków and Radom) from 1840’s to 1904. They paid attention to the problem of continuity and changes taking ...

The relations between freemasonic organisations and the Catholic Church turned out badly since the moment of birth of modern freemasonery in the 18th century. It was caused by Church distrust of the idea of ideological ...

The positivists declared the programme of the emancipation of lower classes of the society. That programme was aimed at the final removal of class deserimination and at allowing people the equal social and civil rights. ...

In scientific literature Warsaw positivism as an ideological trend is opposed to Romanticism and is perceived as the programme of practical activity breaking with the past and calling for active work on the social and ...

In this article the history of one of two biggest Lodz publishing houses in the 2nd Rzeczpospolita (Republic) was presented. The lawyer Jan Stypulkowski played the main role in it, although at first he had a few partners ...

The Polish-Jewish conflict underwent a significant mitigation in autumn 1919 and flared up again as the result of defeats sustained in summer 1920 by the Polish army; then several anti-semitic manifestations took place ...

This issue was discussed on the examples of two administrative districts of Brzeziny and Łęczyca in 1808-1818. This area was characterised by a great number of colonies inhabited by the population of German origin. The ...