Kształtowanie się celów politycznych dyplomacji księcia Adama Jerzego Czartoryskiego wobec Wielkiej Brytanii (1831/1832)
Streszczenie
The diplomatic action of A. J. Czartoryski’s camp in Great Britain in the first months
of emigration was the direct continuation of the works carried on during the November
Uprising. Until the Prince’s arrival in London on 22 December 1831, the Polish side was
represented by Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz and Alexander Walewski. Then the Prince carried
on the action himself. Till the mid January 1832 the attitude of the Polish side and the
political aims of its activities underwent considerable evolution. At frequent meetings the
British politicians (Grey, Palmerstone and Brougham) were presented with many memorials
concerning the Polish question and the possibility of obtaining the English support on
international forum was discussed. At first they tried to persuade the British to the Polish
interpretation of the resolutions of The Vienna Treaty which Prince Czartoryski perceived as
an international legal base for the intervention of the western empires on the benefit of
Poland. To stress the separate character of the Polish Kingdom and Russia they tried to send
the British consul to Warszawa. They expected from the British diplomacy activities aiming
at mitigation of the Russian repressions, preserving constitutional privillages in the Kingdom
and introducing national institutions in the former Polish gubernyas of the Russian Empire.
At the initial period they resigned from defending the postulate of full Polish independence. Only at the end of December 1831 and in January 1832 they attempted to arouse Great
Britain’s interest in the idea of rebuilding fully independent Poland, to achieve the French-English
rapprochement and to create the united front of these empires against Russia. They set forth
the postulate of uniting the Polish gubemyas of the empire with the Kingdom and they even
probed the possibility of military engagement of England and France against Russia. In the
second half of January a rapid retreat took place: from the active shaping of situation in
Poland for the benefit of defending already achieved advantages and preserving the status of
the Polish Kingdom.
The main task of the Polish diplomacy was restraining Great Britain from recognition
of constitutional changes carried on by the Russians and creating the conviction that in the
light of international law those changes were illegal. During the whole discussed period they
stressed the advantages that Great Britain and Europe might have if independent Poland had
been created, especially if it were treated as anti-Russian barrier. The British diplomacy quite
quickly accepted the Polish interpretation of the Vienna Treaty, but the impassable barrier
of their involvement in supporting the Polish case was the direct military intervention which
England did not want and could not take up and without which there were only limited
possibilities of having influence on the Russian actions in Poland. Finally, the positive result
of Czartoryski’s action was preserving the presence of the Polish question on international
arena, disturbing its the unfavourable closing and treating it as Russia’s own home affair.