The charge of Polish light cavalrymen on Spanish batteries in Somosierra passage took place on November 30, 1808. As historic subject it was presented many times on canvases of, among others, Henryk Pillati, Horace Vernet, ...

In 1853, when a war – which is commonly referred to as Crimean War -between Russia and Turkey broke out, France and Great Britain took the Ottoman side. Taking advantage of the moment, the Poles counted on the regaining ...

Social women activity in Piotrków limited, at first, to philanthropy and concerned around the Christian Charitable Institution. Not before the year 1906 mutual-aid societies came into existence. Their aim was to stand up ...

Genesis of the He Halutz movement comes from a complicated mosaic of the Jewish ideas of the late nineteenth and twentieth century of the national and the socialist character. The idea from which the Halutzim originated ...

A lot of factors influenced the development of physical culture in Lodz in the 19th century, for example the invader’s policy, industrial development of the town, financial conditions, social and nationalistic position ...

Constantine Pawlowicz Romanow is a character, which had infamously enrolled on cards of history. Thanks to nineteenth-century diarists, we know why he deserved on this opinion. Other people saw his behavior as very exotic ...

The object of my interest is the stereotype of the old maid in XIX century. I would like to define the spinsterhood, present a stereotyped figure of an old maid and illustrate its caricatural attributes. What was the ...