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dc.contributor.authorMetelski, Adam
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-20T06:56:05Z
dc.date.available2026-04-20T06:56:05Z
dc.date.issued2026-04-17
dc.identifier.issn0208-6018
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/58141
dc.description.abstractThe purpose of this article is to conceptualise professional football as an alternative investment by focusing on multi-club ownership (MCO) as the central structure through which investors create value and manage risk. The study adopts a narrative, conceptually structured review approach, synthesising recent academic contributions and industry reports. Within this framework, MCO is used as a central analytical lens to illustrate how investors structure portfolios of clubs and exploit synergies across different markets. The review indicates that football investments generate value through both financial mechanisms (broadcasting, sponsorship, capital appreciation) and intangible assets such as brand equity, fan engagement, and talent development pipelines. Available evidence shows that football clubs have outperformed major financial indices in recent years, underscoring their resilience even during periods of economic volatility. At the same time, the expansion of MCO networks raises governance concerns, competitive integrity risks, and tensions with local cultural identities. The article integrates these findings into a coherent review of current knowledge and outlines directions for further empirical research.en
dc.description.abstractCelem artykułu jest przedstawienie zawodowej piłki nożnej jako formy inwestycji alternatywnej, z uwzględnieniem zarówno potencjalnych korzyści, jak i wyzwań na globalnym rynku sportowym. Opracowanie ma charakter przeglądowy i opiera się na syntezie najnowszych publikacji naukowych, raportów branżowych oraz danych dotyczących wyceny klubów. Szczególna uwaga została poświęcona strukturom własnościowym, a zwłaszcza modelowi multi-club ownership (MCO), który coraz wyraźniej wpisuje się w krajobraz inwestycji alternatywnych. Wyniki pokazują, że inwestycje w piłkę nożną generują wartość zarówno poprzez mechanizmy finansowe (prawa medialne, sponsoring, aprecjacja kapitału), jak i poprzez aktywa niematerialne, takie jak siła marki, zaangażowanie kibiców czy systemy rozwoju talentów. Dane empiryczne wskazują, że w ostatnich latach wzrost wyceny klubów piłkarskich przewyższał główne indeksy giełdowe, co potwierdza odporność sektora nawet w okresach niestabilności gospodarczej. Jednocześnie ekspansja sieci MCO rodzi istotne pytania dotyczące ładu korporacyjnego, integralności rozgrywek oraz tożsamości lokalnych społeczności. Artykuł wskazuje, że piłka nożna stanowi szczególny typ inwestycji alternatywnej: oferuje atrakcyjną dywersyfikację i perspektywy wzrostu, ale zarazem wiąże się z wyzwaniami strukturalnymi i regulacyjnymi, które determinują jej długoterminową trwałość.pl
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherWydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiegopl
dc.relation.ispartofseriesActa Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica;374en
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
dc.subjectfootball investmenten
dc.subjectalternative assetsen
dc.subjectmulti-club ownership (MCO)en
dc.subjectsport financeen
dc.subjectinwestycje w piłkę nożnąpl
dc.subjectaktywa alternatywnepl
dc.subjectwieloklubowa własność (MCO)pl
dc.subjectfinase w sporciepl
dc.titleFootball as an Alternative Investment: A Review of Ownership and Multi-Club Structuresen
dc.title.alternativePiłka nożna jako inwestycja alternatywna: szanse, wyzwania i rola wieloklubowej własnościpl
dc.typeArticle
dc.page.number87-100
dc.contributor.authorAffiliationPoznań University of Economics and Business, Institute of Socio-Economics, Poznań, Polanden
dc.identifier.eissn2353-7663
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dc.contributor.authorEmailadam.metelski@ue.poznan.pl
dc.identifier.doi10.18778/0208-6018.374.05
dc.relation.volume1


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