| dc.contributor.author | Metelski, Adam | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-04-20T06:56:05Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2026-04-20T06:56:05Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2026-04-17 | |
| dc.identifier.issn | 0208-6018 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/11089/58141 | |
| dc.description.abstract | The purpose of this article is to conceptualise professional football as an alternative investment by focusing on multi-club ownership (MCO) as the central structure through which investors create value and manage risk. The study adopts a narrative, conceptually structured review approach, synthesising recent academic contributions and industry reports. Within this framework, MCO is used as a central analytical lens to illustrate how investors structure portfolios of clubs and exploit synergies across different markets. The review indicates that football investments generate value through both financial mechanisms (broadcasting, sponsorship, capital appreciation) and intangible assets such as brand equity, fan engagement, and talent development pipelines. Available evidence shows that football clubs have outperformed major financial indices in recent years, underscoring their resilience even during periods of economic volatility. At the same time, the expansion of MCO networks raises governance concerns, competitive integrity risks, and tensions with local cultural identities. The article integrates these findings into a coherent review of current knowledge and outlines directions for further empirical research. | en |
| dc.description.abstract | Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zawodowej piłki nożnej jako formy inwestycji alternatywnej, z uwzględnieniem zarówno potencjalnych korzyści, jak i wyzwań na globalnym rynku sportowym. Opracowanie ma charakter przeglądowy i opiera się na syntezie najnowszych publikacji naukowych, raportów branżowych oraz danych dotyczących wyceny klubów. Szczególna uwaga została poświęcona strukturom własnościowym, a zwłaszcza modelowi multi-club ownership (MCO), który coraz wyraźniej wpisuje się w krajobraz inwestycji alternatywnych. Wyniki pokazują, że inwestycje w piłkę nożną generują wartość zarówno poprzez mechanizmy finansowe (prawa medialne, sponsoring, aprecjacja kapitału), jak i poprzez aktywa niematerialne, takie jak siła marki, zaangażowanie kibiców czy systemy rozwoju talentów. Dane empiryczne wskazują, że w ostatnich latach wzrost wyceny klubów piłkarskich przewyższał główne indeksy giełdowe, co potwierdza odporność sektora nawet w okresach niestabilności gospodarczej. Jednocześnie ekspansja sieci MCO rodzi istotne pytania dotyczące ładu korporacyjnego, integralności rozgrywek oraz tożsamości lokalnych społeczności. Artykuł wskazuje, że piłka nożna stanowi szczególny typ inwestycji alternatywnej: oferuje atrakcyjną dywersyfikację i perspektywy wzrostu, ale zarazem wiąże się z wyzwaniami strukturalnymi i regulacyjnymi, które determinują jej długoterminową trwałość. | pl |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego | pl |
| dc.relation.ispartofseries | Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica;374 | en |
| dc.rights.uri | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 | |
| dc.subject | football investment | en |
| dc.subject | alternative assets | en |
| dc.subject | multi-club ownership (MCO) | en |
| dc.subject | sport finance | en |
| dc.subject | inwestycje w piłkę nożną | pl |
| dc.subject | aktywa alternatywne | pl |
| dc.subject | wieloklubowa własność (MCO) | pl |
| dc.subject | finase w sporcie | pl |
| dc.title | Football as an Alternative Investment: A Review of Ownership and Multi-Club Structures | en |
| dc.title.alternative | Piłka nożna jako inwestycja alternatywna: szanse, wyzwania i rola wieloklubowej własności | pl |
| dc.type | Article | |
| dc.page.number | 87-100 | |
| dc.contributor.authorAffiliation | Poznań University of Economics and Business, Institute of Socio-Economics, Poznań, Poland | en |
| dc.identifier.eissn | 2353-7663 | |
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| dc.contributor.authorEmail | adam.metelski@ue.poznan.pl | |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.18778/0208-6018.374.05 | |
| dc.relation.volume | 1 | |