dc.contributor.author | Robak, Piotr | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2016-09-05T13:03:01Z | |
dc.date.available | 2016-09-05T13:03:01Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2016 | |
dc.identifier.issn | 1644-857X | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/11089/19482 | |
dc.description.abstract | Artykuł prezentuje rozwój angielskiego handlu zewnętrznego (i kolonialnego) w okresie dwóch kontynentalnych konfliktów zbrojnych, toczonych także na morzach i w koloniach, w które zaangażowana była Wielka Brytania w latach 1739–1763. Zaprezentowana analiza tego handlu została oparta na szacunkowych danych statystycznych za lata 1740–1765 (stąd ramy chronologiczne artykułu) i przeprowadzona w odniesieniu do dwóch głównych obszarów multilateralnej wymiany: europejskiej i oceanicznej, w tym kolonialnej. Z poczynionych przez Autora ustaleń wynika, że rynki europejskie utrzymały dominującą pozycję w angielskim handlu zewnętrznym w omawianym okresie, choć rozwijały się w sposób zróżnicowany regionalnie i w ogólnym dodatnim bilansie mniej dynamicznie niż na rynkach zamorskich (i kolonialnych). Te bowiem, rozłożone na obszarach: atlantyckim i azjatyckim, odnotowały istotny wzrost wartości i wielkości wymiany, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do rynków amerykańskich (Ameryka Północna i Indie Zachodnie), mimo że w ogólnym bilansie zachowały stały charakter deficytowy. Jednakże oceaniczny (i kolonialny) import decydował w dużej mierze o rosnącym europejskim reeksporcie angielskiego handlu zewnętrznego, pozwalając mu utrzymać stały dodatni bilans handlowy we wspomnianych latach. Na powyższe zróżnicowanie wielkości i dynamiki rozwoju angielskiego handlu zewnętrznego miały oczywisty, choć nie wyłączny, wpływ toczące się długotrwałe zmagania wojenne. Na niektórych rynkach europejskich (zwłaszcza euroatlantyckim i lewantyńskim) przyniosły one widoczny regres obrotów, natomiast w sferze pozaeuropejskiej okazały się często czynnikiem sprzyjającym intensyfikacji wymiany handlowej, co niewątpliwie było efektem brytyjskiej dominacji zbrojnej na morzach i w koloniach. Ta sytuacja ukształtowała w pewnej mierze przekonanie brytyjskich merkantylistów i polityków, głównie od lat pięćdziesiątych XVIII w., że wojna służy rozwojowi angielskiego handlu zamorskiego. | pl_PL |
dc.description.abstract | The process of Americanisation of overseas trade formed the main ground
of colonial rivalries of European states, especially Great Britain and France,
in the Atlantic sphere in the first half of the 18th century. This competition caused
the series of colonial and naval wars which were connected with European conflicts
in the period from 1740 to 1763. Great Britain took active part in these
military events in Europe and in overseas spheres termed in a literature as the
struggle for Empire.
The article presented the main directions of a growth of English foreign (and
colonial) trade during this stormy period. The English overseas trade statistics
(generally based on the collected but approximated date by E. B. Schumpeter) have
indicated that in the described years was continued the growth of English foreign
trade, especially rapidly from the half of the 18th century what is termed in the contemporary
historical literature as a second phase of so called „trade revolution”.
This foreign trade was characterized by a dominated position of four traditional
European markets with a whole positive balance in all the time. The Northern-
Western market (from Germany to Atlantic coast) possessed the biggest and
profitable share in this trade but in general scale it was stagnated. On the other
hand the trade in the Baltic sphere had a dynamic growth though unprofitable (as
a result of a great share of import from Russia). The English trade in Levant was in a deep stagnation though it marked a growth in different periods in the commercial
exchange with Iberian and Italian states.
The English Extraeuropean trade, however, had a much more dynamic growth
than on European markets, though lower in a volume of value and unprofitable
in a full scale of its commercial exchange. The main role in this trade played
American markets (from Canada to some Caribbean Isles) with some share of Iberoamerican
markets in different periods. This part of so called Atlantic economy
of England dominated over the whole English Extraeuropean trade. In this Atlantic
economy also two markets were profitable: North American and African as important
export/reexport spheres, especially for English manufacture goods. Thanks
to the great share of overseas import (colonial products) in the English reexport to
European markets the whole English foreign trade had the regular positive balance
in the described period.
The participation of Great Britain in the mentioned struggle for Empire had
many effects to the English foreign (and colonial) trade. These ones were more visibles
in Europe than in overseas spheres, in different years, especially during the
Seven Years War, with an additional share of political events and a new economic
policy (prohibited tarifs) of some states. In contrast to situation in Europe, however,
this struggle for Empire conducted at seas and in colonies, in spite of temporary
fluctations, encouraged the growth of English overseas trade and brought
new colonial markets confirmed by the peace treaty in 1763. | pl_PL |
dc.language.iso | pl | pl_PL |
dc.publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego | pl_PL |
dc.relation.ispartofseries | Przegląd Nauk Historycznych;1 | |
dc.subject | Anglia | pl_PL |
dc.subject | handel zagraniczny | pl_PL |
dc.subject | kolonizacja | pl_PL |
dc.subject | XVIII wiek | pl_PL |
dc.subject | England | pl_PL |
dc.subject | foreign trade | pl_PL |
dc.subject | colonisation | pl_PL |
dc.subject | 18th century | pl_PL |
dc.title | Angielski handel zewnętrzny (i kolonialny) w dobie wojny o imperium (1740–1765) | pl_PL |
dc.title.alternative | English foreign (and colonial) trade during the struggle for Empire (1740–1763) | pl_PL |
dc.title.alternative | Englischer Außen- und Kolonialhandel in der Zeit des Krieges um die englische Weltmacht (1740–1765) | pl_PL |
dc.title.alternative | Comerce anglais externe (et coloniale) pendant la guerre pour l’empire (1740–1765) | pl_PL |
dc.title.alternative | Внешняя (и колониальная) английская торговля в эпоху войны за империю (1740–1765) | pl_PL |
dc.type | Article | pl_PL |
dc.rights.holder | © Copyright by Uniwersytet Łódzki, Łódź 2016 | pl_PL |
dc.page.number | [43]-84 | pl_PL |
dc.contributor.authorAffiliation | Uniwersytet Łódzki, Wydział Filozoficzno-Historyczny, Instytut Historii, Katedra Historii Nowożytnej. | pl_PL |
dc.identifier.eissn | 2450-7660 | |
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dc.identifier.doi | 10.18778/1644-857X.15.01.02 | |
dc.relation.volume | 15 | pl_PL |