| dc.contributor.author | Olszak, Małgorzata | |
| dc.contributor.author | Bachurewicz, Gracjan R. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Godlewski, Christophe | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-04-02T08:37:10Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2026-04-02T08:37:10Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2026-03-30 | |
| dc.identifier.issn | 1508-2008 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57952 | |
| dc.description.abstract | This study examines how fiscal and monetary policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis influenced banks’ income smoothing through loan-loss provisions (LLPs) in the European Economic Area (EEA). Using a panel of 1,122 commercial banks from 29 countries between 2011 and 2020, we investigate whether the intensity of income smoothing varied with the scale of public support. Fiscal liquidity measures and the European Central Bank’s quantitative easing (QE) under the Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP) serve as proxies for government and monetary interventions. The results show that both fiscal and monetary support reduced average LLP levels but simultaneously strengthened the link between earnings and provisioning, indicating increased income-smoothing behavior during the pandemic. This pattern reflects two complementary mechanisms: the crisis-severity channel, where larger policy interventions corresponded to deeper economic stress, and the moral-hazard channel, where public backstops expanded managerial discretion in provisioning. Overall, the findings suggest that large-scale stabilization policies mitigated credit risk and preserved financial stability but also encouraged more discretionary accounting behavior, underscoring a potential trade-off between crisis management and the transparency of banks’ financial reporting. | en |
| dc.description.abstract | W badaniu podjęto próbę określenia, w jaki sposób reakcje polityki fiskalnej i monetarnej na kryzys związany z pandemią COVID-19 wpłynęły na wygładzanie dochodów przez banki w krajach Europejskiego Obszaru Gospodarczego (EOG). Wykorzystując dane panelowe obejmujące 1122 banki komercyjne z 29 krajów w latach 2011–2020, autorzy badają, czy intensywność wygładzania dochodów różniła się w zależności od skali wsparcia publicznego. Miary wsparcia fiskalnego w zakresie płynności oraz luzowanie ilościowe (QE) Europejskiego Banku Centralnego w ramach Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP) służą jako miara skali interwencji rządowych i monetarnych. Wyniki wskazują, że zarówno wsparcie fiskalne, jak i monetarne obniżyło przeciętny poziom rezerw na ryzyko kredytowe (LLP), ale jednocześnie wzmocniło zależność między dochodami operacyjnymi a wielkością tworzonych LLP, co sugeruje nasilenie zjawiska wygładzania dochodów w czasie pandemii. Wzorzec ten odzwierciedla dwa uzupełniające się mechanizmy: kanał dotkliwości kryzysu, w którym większe interwencje polityczne odpowiadały głębszym zaburzeniom gospodarczym, oraz kanał pokusy nadużycia, w którym publiczne zabezpieczenia zwiększały swobodę menedżerów w kształtowaniu rezerw. Wyniki sugerują, że szeroko zakrojone działania stabilizacyjne ograniczyły ryzyko kredytowe i przyczyniły się do utrzymania stabilności finansowej, ale jednocześnie sprzyjały bardziej uznaniowym praktykom rachunkowym, co wskazuje na potencjalne napięcie między skutecznym zarządzaniem kryzysem a przejrzystością raportowania finansowego banków. | pl |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego | pl |
| dc.relation.ispartofseries | Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe;1 | en |
| dc.rights.uri | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 | |
| dc.subject | loan-loss provisions | en |
| dc.subject | income-smoothing | en |
| dc.subject | liquidity support | en |
| dc.subject | rezerwy na straty kredytowe | pl |
| dc.subject | wygładzanie dochodów | pl |
| dc.subject | wsparcie płynności | pl |
| dc.title | Fiscal Support, QE and Income-smoothing in European Banks during the COVID-19 Crisis | en |
| dc.title.alternative | Wsparcie fiskalne, luzowanie ilościowe (QE) i wygładzanie dochodów w europejskich bankach podczas kryzysu związanego z COVID-19 | pl |
| dc.type | Article | |
| dc.page.number | 101-119 | |
| dc.contributor.authorAffiliation | Olszak, Małgorzata - University of Warsaw, Faculty of Management, Warsaw, Poland | en |
| dc.contributor.authorAffiliation | Bachurewicz, Gracjan R. - University of Life Sciences in Poznań, Poznan, Poland | en |
| dc.contributor.authorAffiliation | Godlewski, Christophe - University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Law and Business, Strasbourg, France | en |
| dc.identifier.eissn | 2082-6737 | |
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| dc.contributor.authorEmail | Olszak, Małgorzata - ma.olszak@uw.edu.pl | |
| dc.contributor.authorEmail | Bachurewicz, Gracjan R. - gracjan.bachurewicz@gmail.com | |
| dc.contributor.authorEmail | Godlewski, Christophe - godlewski@unistra.fr | |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.18778/1508-2008.29.05 | |
| dc.relation.volume | 29 | |