| dc.contributor.author | Bojarska, Joanna | |
| dc.contributor.author | Kowalczyk, Wiktoria | |
| dc.contributor.author | Dusza, Dominik | |
| dc.contributor.author | Wolf, Wojciech M. | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-02-24T09:55:42Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2026-02-24T09:55:42Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2025-12-31 | |
| dc.identifier.issn | 2082-4440 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57510 | |
| dc.description.abstract | Aim: This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the gender pay gap (GPG) in Poland, examined within the national, European, and global contexts. It explores key causes, sectoral disparities, and the broader economic and policy implications. Particular emphasis is placed on the adjusted gender pay gap (GPG), which provides a more accurate measure by controlling for variables such as education, experience, and job position. This method reveals deeper and more persistent wage disparities than those suggested by the unadjusted GPG.Methodology/Data sources: The study adopts a narrative literature review approach supported by secondary data analysis. It draws upon a wide range of national and international data sources, including Eurostat, Poland’s Central Statistical Office (GUS), OECD, and various EU and global reports published between 2015 and 2025.Findings: In 2023, the unadjusted GPG in the EU was 12%, while in Poland it stood at 7.8%. Despite appearing relatively low, Poland’s GPG has stagnated or worsened over the past decade, while the EU has seen a gradual decline. The adjusted GPG – reflecting education, experience, and job type – was 11.4% for the EU and 12.5% for Poland (as of 2018). Sectoral differences in Poland are striking: 24.8% in information and communication and 27.6% in finance and insurance. Misinterpretation of unadjusted vs. adjusted data may distort the public debate and policy response.Conclusions: The GPG remains a persistent challenge in both the EU and Poland. The lack of clarity between adjusted and unadjusted measures risks underestimating systemic inequality. Effective implementation of recent EU regulations, such as the Pay Transparency and Work-Life Balance Directives, will be key to narrowing the gap.Significance/Originality: This is, to our knowledge, the first holistic synthesis of various GPG indicators for Poland, presented alongside EU and global comparisons. The findings underscore the importance of integrated, data-informed policies to advance gender equality as a cornerstone of sustainable development. | en |
| dc.description.abstract | Cel: W artykule przedstawiamy kompleksową analizę luki płacowej ze względu na płeć (GPG) w Polsce, uwzględniając kontekst krajowy, europejski i globalny. Omawiamy główne przyczyny, różnice sektorowe oraz szersze konsekwencje gospodarcze i społeczne. Szczególny nacisk kładziemy na skorygowaną lukę płacową ze względu na płeć (adjusted GPG), która stanowi dokładniejszy miernik, ponieważ uwzględnia zmienne takie jak wykształcenie, doświadczenie zawodowe oraz zajmowane stanowisko. Metoda ta ujawnia głębsze i trwalsze nierówności płacowe niż te wskazywane przez nieskorygowaną lukę płacową (unadjusted GPG).Metodologia/Źródła danych: Badanie ma charakter narracyjnego przeglądu literatury, wspartego analizą danych wtórnych. Wykorzystaliśmy szeroki zakres źródeł krajowych i międzynarodowych, m.in. Eurostat, GUS, OECD oraz raporty UE i organizacji globalnych z lat 2015–2025.Główne wyniki: W 2023 r. niezrównana (niekorygowana) luka płacowa w UE wynosiła 12%, a w Polsce 7,8%. Choć ten wynik wydaje się korzystny, GPG w Polsce nie ulega poprawie od dekady, w przeciwieństwie do trendów unijnych. Skorygowana GPG (uwzględniająca m.in. wykształcenie, doświadczenie i stanowisko) wynosiła 11,4% w UE i 12,5% w Polsce (dane z 2018 r.). W niektórych sektorach w Polsce różnice są znacznie wyższe: np. 24,8% w sektorze informacji i komunikacji czy 27,6% w finansach. Niezrozumienie różnicy między danymi korygowanymi i niekorygowanymi może prowadzić do błędnych wniosków.Wnioski: Luka płacowa nadal stanowi poważne wyzwanie – zarówno w Polsce, jak i w UE. Klarowne rozróżnienie między metodami pomiaru (GPG skorygowana vs. niekorygowana) jest kluczowe dla skutecznych działań. Nowe regulacje UE, jeśli zostaną właściwie wdrożone, mogą pomóc w zmniejszeniu GPG.Znaczenie/Oryginalność: To, według naszej wiedzy, pierwsza tak kompleksowa synteza różnych wskaźników GPG dla Polski w porównaniu z kontekstem unijnym i globalnym. Wyniki podkreślają potrzebę zintegrowanych, opartych na dokładnych danych działań na rzecz równości płci jako warunku zrównoważonego rozwoju. | pl |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego | pl |
| dc.relation.ispartofseries | Ekonomia Międzynarodowa;50 | pl |
| dc.rights.uri | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 | |
| dc.subject | gender pay gap | en |
| dc.subject | gender equality | en |
| dc.subject | economy | en |
| dc.subject | sustainable development | en |
| dc.subject | labour market | en |
| dc.subject | labor law | en |
| dc.subject | artificial intelligence | en |
| dc.subject | employee life cycle perspective | en |
| dc.subject | luka płacowa między kobietami a mężczyznami | pl |
| dc.subject | równość płci | pl |
| dc.subject | zrównoważony rozwój | pl |
| dc.subject | sztuczna inteligencja | pl |
| dc.subject | perspektywa cyklu życia pracownika | pl |
| dc.title | Gender Pay Gap in European Economy System with Focus on Poland from Global Perspective: in the Pursuit of Sustainability | en |
| dc.title.alternative | Różnica w wynagrodzeniach kobiet i mężczyzn w europejskim systemie gospodarczym ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Polski z globalnej perspektywy: w dążeniu do zrównoważonego rozwoju | pl |
| dc.type | Article | |
| dc.page.number | 5-32 | |
| dc.contributor.authorAffiliation | Bojarska, Joanna - Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry | en |
| dc.contributor.authorAffiliation | Kowalczyk, Wiktoria - Lodz University of Technology, Advanced Biobased and Bioinspired Materials | en |
| dc.contributor.authorAffiliation | Dusza, Dominik - Lodz University of Technology, Advanced Biobased and Bioinspired Materials | en |
| dc.contributor.authorAffiliation | Wolf, Wojciech M. - Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry | en |
| dc.identifier.eissn | 2300-6005 | |
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| dc.contributor.authorEmail | Bojarska, Joanna - joanna.bojarska@p.lodz.pl | |
| dc.contributor.authorEmail | Kowalczyk, Wiktoria - 258324@edu.p.lodz.pl | |
| dc.contributor.authorEmail | Dusza, Dominik - dominik_dusza@outlook.com | |
| dc.contributor.authorEmail | Wolf, Wojciech M. - wojciech.wolf@p.lodz.pl | |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.18778/2082-4440.50.01 | |