German Multi-Level Relations with Superpowers. The Comparison of Subnational Cooperation with American and Chinese Partners

Abstract

The article explores the role of German cities in international relations, particularly focusing on their interactions with superpowers such as the United States and China. It highlights the increasing importance of sub-state actors in shaping foreign policy within the multiplex world order. Through a multi-level governance framework, the study examines how German cities engage in paradiplomacy and city diplomacy, addressing global challenges like climate change, economic cooperation, and cultural exchange. The research utilizes a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, including surveys and interviews with city officials and experts, to analyse the scope and nature of city-to-city partnerships. The results show the most important areas of cooperation, forms of cooperation, success factors and barriers to the development of city partnerships. The findings reveal a dynamic landscape where cities act as crucial players, complementing national and EU-level foreign policy efforts. The study also discusses the challenges of limited coordination between different levels of government and the unique roles cities play in international diplomacy. The article argues for the necessity of integrating cities into broader foreign policy strategies, emphasizing their potential to enhance Germany’s international influence and address transnational issues effectively.