Pokaż uproszczony rekord

dc.contributor.authorKarimi, Sirvan
dc.date.accessioned2024-02-13T19:43:52Z
dc.date.available2024-02-13T19:43:52Z
dc.date.issued2024-01-16
dc.identifier.issn1641-4233
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/50262
dc.description.abstractIt has almost become conventional wisdom among analysts and experts on Middle Eastern politics to relate the fate of the democratisation process and its failure in the region to the foreign policy platforms of the USA and its Western allies. Contrary to the prevailing interpretations of democratisation failure in the Middle East, it will be argued that the historical proclivity of leftist organisations and parties to conflate anti-imperialism with fostering hostility towards liberal values, the limited scope of industrialisation, and culturally and religiously ingrained competing loyalties are factors that have cumulatively made a significant contribution to the cultivation of a socio-political environment that is not receptive to democracy.en
dc.description.abstractWśród analityków i ekspertów ds. polityki bliskowschodniej utarło się, że szanse na powodzenie procesu demokratyzacji w tym regionie zależą od polityki zagranicznej Stanów Zjednoczonych i ich zachodnich sojuszników. W przeciwieństwie do dominujących interpretacji niepowodzenia demokratyzacji na Bliskim Wschodzie, w artykule przedstawiono argumenty na rzecz tezy o silnym zbiorczym wpływie na utrzymywanie się niesprzyjającego demokracji klimatu przez czynniki, takie jak historyczna skłonność lewicowych partii i organizacji do utożsamiania antyimperializmu z wrogością wobec liberalnych wartości, ograniczony zakres industrializacji oraz zaszczepiona na gruncie kulturowym i religijnym lojalność wobec rozbieżnych zasad.pl
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherWydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiegopl
dc.relation.ispartofseriesInternational Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal;1en
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
dc.subjectdemocracyen
dc.subjectdemocratisation failureen
dc.subjectliberalismen
dc.subjectLeft’s anti-liberalismen
dc.subjectMiddle Easten
dc.subjectkinshipen
dc.subjectreligionen
dc.subjecttribalismen
dc.subjectdemokracjapl
dc.subjectporażka demokratyzacjipl
dc.subjectliberalizmpl
dc.subjectantyliberalizm lewicypl
dc.subjectBliski Wschódpl
dc.subjectpokrewieństwopl
dc.subjectreligiapl
dc.subjectplemiennośćpl
dc.titleThe Democratisation Failure in the Middle East: Causes and Prospectsen
dc.title.alternativeNiepowodzenie demokratyzacji na Bliskim Wschodzie: przyczyny i perspektywypl
dc.typeArticle
dc.page.number27-48
dc.contributor.authorAffiliationYork University, School of Public Policy and Administration, Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studiesen
dc.identifier.eissn2300-8695
dc.referencesAbbas Zaidi, S. “Tribalism, Islamism, Leadership and the Assabiyyas”. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 9.25 (2010): 133–154.en
dc.referencesAhmari, S. “The Failure of Arab Liberals. How a Celebrated Freedom Movement Fostered the Success of an Islamic Order”. Commentary May 2012. Web. 18.12.2021. https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/sohrab-ahmari/the-failure-of-arab-liberals/en
dc.referencesAl-Haj Saleh, Y. “The Syrian Cause and Anti-Imperialism”. Al-Jumhuriya 24.02.2017. Web. 16.12.2021. https://www.aljumhuriya.net/en/content/syrian-cause-and-anti-imperialismen
dc.referencesAydogan, B. “The Iraqi Kurds’ Destructive Infighting: Causes and Consequences”. LSE 15.04.2020. Web. 11.12.2012. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2020/04/15/the-iraqi-kurds-destructive-infighting-causes-and-consequences/en
dc.referencesAyubi, N. “Withered Socialism or Whether Socialism? The Radical Arab States as Populist‐corporatist Regimes”. Third World Quarterly, 13.1 (1992): 89–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436599208420264en
dc.referencesBasham, P., Preble, Ch. “The Trouble with Democracy in the Middle East”. CATO Institute 30.11.2003. Web. 20.05.2021. https://www.cato.org/commentary/trouble-democracy-middle-easten
dc.referencesBernstein, E. Evolutionary Socialism A Criticism and Affirmation. 1898. New York: Schocken Books, 1961.en
dc.referencesBouzari, R. “Iranian Pseudo Anti-Imperialism”. Open Democracy 18.10.2018. Web. 12.12.2021. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/iranian-pseudo-anti-imperialism/en
dc.referencesBrownlee, J. Democracy Prevention: The Politics of the U.S.-Egyptian Alliance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.en
dc.referencesBush, G.W. “From the Remarks by President George Bush at the 20th anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy”. The American Presidency Project 6.11.2003. Web. 12.12.2021. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-20th-anniversary-the-national-endowment-for-democracyen
dc.referencesBustani, H. “Dissonances of the Arab Left”. Radical Philosophy, 184.1 (Mar/Apr 2014): 35–40. Web. 18.12.2021. https://www.radicalphilosophy.com/commentary/dissonances-of-the-arab-leften
dc.referencesButt, A.I. “Why Did the United States Invade Iraq in 2003?”. Security Studies, 28.2 (2019): 250–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2019.1551567en
dc.referencesChomsky, N. “The U.S. and Its Allies Will Do Anything to Prevent Democracy in the Arab World”. Democracy Now 11.05.2011. Web. 17.12.2021. https://www.democracynow.org/2011/5/11/noam_chomsky_the_us_and_itsen
dc.referencesChomsky, N. “The West Is Terrified of Arabic Democracies”. Interview by Qantara 17.06.2011. Web. 17.12.2021. https://chomsky.info/20110617/en
dc.referencesCronin, S. “The left in Iran: illusion and disillusion”. Middle Eastern Studies, 36.3 (2000): 231–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200008701326en
dc.referencesDahlum, S., Knutsen, C.H., Wig, T. “We Checked 100 Years of Protests in 150 Countries. Here’s What We learned about the Working class and Democracy”. Washington Post 24.10.2019. Web. 18.11.2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/10/24/we-checked-years-protests-countries-heres-what-we-learned-about-working-class-democracy/en
dc.referencesDjavadi, A. “The Difference Between a Marja and A Supreme Leader”. Radio Free Europe 25.02.2010. Web. 14.05.2021. https://www.rferl.org/a/The_Difference_Between_A_Marja_And_A_Supreme_Leader/1968177.htmlen
dc.referencesFaleh, A.J., Dawood, H., eds. Tribes and power: nationalism and ethnicity in the Middle East. London: Saqi Books, 2003.en
dc.referencesFalk, R. “Trusting Khomeini”. The New York Times 16.02.1979. Web. 28.10.2021. https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/16/archives/trusting-khomeini.htmlen
dc.referencesFarhad, H.A. “The Political System in Iraqi Kurdistan: Party Rivalries and Future Perspectives”. Asian Affairs, 49.4 (2018): 606–624. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2018.1521120en
dc.referencesFisher, M. “How Iran Became an Undemocratic Democracy”. The New York Times 17.05.2017. Web. 14.12.20121. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/17/world/middleeast/iran-presidential-election-democracy.htmlen
dc.referencesFukuyama, F. “Neo-Conservatism Has Evolved into Something that I Can no Longer Support”. Guardian 22.02.2006. Web. 16.10.2021. https://www.almendron.com/tribuna/neoconservatism-has-evolved-into-something-i-can-no-longer-support/en
dc.referencesFuller, G.E. “The Future of Political Islam”. Foreign Affairs, 81.2 (2003): 48–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/20033083en
dc.referencesGambill, C.G. “Democratization, the Peace, and Islamic Extremism”. Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, 6.6–7 (June/July 2004). Web. 13.12.2021. https://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0407_me1.htmen
dc.referencesGlavin, T. “From Syria to Iraq, Their Fight is our Fight, too. The State of Leftist Foreign Policy”. The Centre for International Governance Innovation 2020. Web. 17.12.2021. https://www.opencanada.org/features/state-leftist-foreign-policy/en
dc.referencesGreene, T.M. Liberalism, Its Theory and Practice. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1957.en
dc.referencesGunter, M. “The Kurdish Question in Perspective”. World Affairs, 66.4 (2004): 197–205. https://doi.org/10.3200/WAFS.166.4.197-205en
dc.referencesHalabi, Y. “Orientalism and US Democratization Policy in the Middle East”. International Studies, 36.4 (1999): 376–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020881799036004004en
dc.referencesHamad, S. “How Noma Chomsky Betrayed Syrian People”. Syria Deeply 14.04.2016. Web. 11.05.2021. https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria/community/2016/04/14/how-noam-chomsky-betrayed-the-syrian-peopleen
dc.referencesHamid, S. “The Struggle for Middle East Democracy”. Brookings 26.04.2011. Web. 17.12.2021. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-struggle-for-middle-east-democracy/en
dc.referencesHarman, Ch. “Iran: Revolution, Islamism, and the Left”. Counterfire 25.06.2010. Web. 15.09.2021. https://www.counterfire.org/theory/37-theory/5709-iran-revolution-islamism-and-the-leften
dc.referencesHensman, R. Indefensible: Democracy, Counterrevolution, and the rhetoric of Anti-Imperialism. Chicago, Illinois: Haymarket Books, 2018.en
dc.referencesHeywood, A. Politics. 3rd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.en
dc.referencesHicks, A. Social Democracy and Welfare Capitalism: A century of Income Security Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501721762en
dc.referencesHolleis, J. “Middle East: Are People Losing Their Religion?”. Deutsche Wele 2.04.2021. Web. 14.08.2021. https://www.dw.com/en/middle-east-are-people-losing-their-religion/a-56442163en
dc.referencesKarimi, S. “Afghanistan Shows the U.S. Folly of Trying to Implant Democratic Institutions Abroad”. The Conversation. Web. 29.09.2021. https://theconversation.com/afghanistan-shows-the-u-s-folly-of-trying-to-implant-democratic-institutions-abroad-167613en
dc.referencesKarimi, S. “Noam Chomsky, Edward Said, and the Left’s False Anti-Imperialist Crusade” Merion West 26.10.2019. Web. 22.10.2021. https://merionwest.com/2019/10/26/noam-chomsky-edward-said-and-the-lefts-false-anti-imperialist-crusade/en
dc.referencesKaterji, Oz. “Dogmatic Anti-Imperialism: How the Left Learned the Wrong Lesson from Iraq”. Politics 25.08.2020. Web. 17.12.2021. https://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2020/08/25/dogmatic-anti-imperialism-how-the-left-learned-the-wrong-lessons-from-iraq/en
dc.referencesKuran, T. “Economic Underdevelopment in the Middle East: The Historical Roles of Culture, Institutions, and Religion”. Afrique Contemporaine, 226.2 (2008): 31–54.en
dc.referencesKuran, T. “Why the Middle East is Economically Underdeveloped: Historical Mechanisms of Institutional Stagnation”. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18.3 (2004): 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1257/0895330042162421en
dc.referencesLipset, M.S. “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy”. APSA, 53.3 (1959): 69–105. https://doi.org/10.2307/1951731en
dc.referencesMacon-Conney, B. “The Industrial Revolution, Politics and Public Policy”. Tony Blair Institute for Global Change 18.12.2019. Web. 11.12.2021. https://institute.global/policy/industrial-revolution-politics-and-public-policyen
dc.referencesMacPherson, C.B. The Real World of Democracy. 2nd ed. Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 1992.en
dc.referencesNeep, D. “Dilemmas of Democratization in the Middle East: The Forward Strategy of Freedom”. Middle East Policy Journal, XJ.3 (Fall 2004): 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1061-1924.2004.00167.xen
dc.referencesNozick, R. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. London: Wily-Blackwell, 2001.en
dc.referencesNuri El-Amin, M. “The Role of International Communism in the Muslim World and in Egypt and the Sudan”. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 23.1 (1996): 29–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530199608705621en
dc.referencesOttaway, M., Carothers, T. “Think Again: Middle East Democracy”. Foreign Policy Journal, 1.10.2004. Web. 20.05.2021. https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/26/think-again-middle-east-democracy/en
dc.referencesOverbye, D. “How Islam Won and Lost the Lead in Science”. The New York Times, 30.10.2000. Web. 11.09.2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/30/science/how-islam-won-and-lost-the-lead-in-science.htmlen
dc.referencesPennock, R., Smith, D.G. Political Science: An Introduction. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1964.en
dc.referencesPlattner, M. “Liberalism and Democracy: Can’t Have One without the Other”. Foreign Affairs, 77.2 (1998): 171–180. https://doi.org/10.2307/20048858en
dc.referencesQuandt, W.B. “Religion and Politics in the Middle East and North Africa”. Religion, State, and Society. Ed. R. Faton, P.K. Ramazani. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009: 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230617865_9en
dc.referencesRooksby, E. “The Relationship between Liberalism and Socialism”. Science & Society, 76.4 (2012): 495–520. https://doi.org/10.1521/siso.2012.76.4.495en
dc.referencesRubin, J. Rulers, Religion, and Riches: Why the West Got Rich and the Middle East Did Not. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139568272en
dc.referencesSaeed, Y. “Corruption and Partisan Politics Can Bring Down the KRG”. Aljazeera 1.03.2020. Web. 12.12.2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/corruption-partisan-politics-bring-krg-200301102406303.htmlen
dc.referencesSalzman, P.C. “The Middle East’s Tribal DNA”. Middle East Quarterly, 15.1 (2008): 23–33. Web. 14.12.2021. https://www.meforum.org/1813/the-middle-easts-tribal-dnaen
dc.referencesSchaar, J. Legitimacy in the Modern State. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1981.en
dc.referencesSchumpeter, J. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper, 1944.en
dc.referencesSchwedler, J., Clark, J. “Shades of Islam Leftist and Islamist- Leftist Cooperation in the Arab World”. ISIM Review, 18.1 (Autumn 2006): 10–11. Web. 13.12.2021. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277095347_Islamist-Leftist_Cooperation_in_the_Arab_World#fullTextFileContenten
dc.referencesSixsmith, B. “Anti-imperialism’ and Apologetics for Murder”. Quillette 15.09.2018. Web. 19.09.2021. https://quillette.com/2018/09/15/anti-imperialism-and-apologetics-for-murder/en
dc.referencesSmith, A. “Anti-Imperialism and the Syrian Revolution”. Internationalist Socialist Organization 25.08.2016. Web. 17.12.2021. https://socialistworker.org/2016/08/25/anti-imperialism-and-the-syrian-revolutionen
dc.referencesSmith, A. “Why the Left Has to Stand with Iranian’s Uprising”. International Socialist Organization 1.02.2018. Web. 12.09.2021. https://socialistworker.org/2018/02/01/why-the-left-has-to-stand-with-irans-uprisingen
dc.referencesTamimi, A.P., Maleki, A. “Iran’s Secular Shift New Survey Reveals Huge Changes in Religious Beliefs”. The Conservation 10.09.2020. Web. 14.12.2021. https://theconversation.com/irans-secular-shift-new-survey-reveals-huge-changes-in-religious-beliefs-145253en
dc.referencesWalzer, M. “Islamism and the Left”. Dissent (Winter 2015). Web. 19.12.2021. https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/islamism-and-the-leften
dc.referencesWittes, T.C. “Order from Chaos: Iran’s Revolution and the Problem of Autocratic Allies”. Brookings 24.06.2019. Web. 10.12.2021. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/01/24/irans-revolution-and-the-problem-of-autocratic-allies/en
dc.referencesZambelis, C. “The Strategic Implications of Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Middle East”. US Army War College Quarterly, 35.3 (Autumn 2005): 87–102. https://doi.org/10.55540/0031-1723.2273en
dc.referencesZarnett, D. “Edward Said and the Iranian Revolution”. Dissent. Democratiya, 9 (Summer 2007): 53–52. Web. 11.12.2021. https://www.dissentmagazine.org/democratiya_article/edward-said-and-the-iranian-revolutionen
dc.contributor.authorEmaildalaho@yorku.ca
dc.identifier.doi10.18778/1641-4233.29.03
dc.relation.volume29


Pliki tej pozycji

Thumbnail

Pozycja umieszczona jest w następujących kolekcjach

Pokaż uproszczony rekord

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Poza zaznaczonymi wyjątkami, licencja tej pozycji opisana jest jako https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0