http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6429 EKONOMIA POLITYCZNA Mon, 06 Apr 2026 14:07:06 GMT 2026-04-06T14:07:06Z https://dspace.uni.lodz.pl:443/xmlui/bitstream/id/ae13ece5-42c4-4fb7-8b10-d075b1a45dd6/ http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6429 http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6478 Keynesowska koncepcja popytu na siłę roboczą Kwiatkowski, Eugeniusz The article deals witli the problem of demand lor labour in the light ot J. M. Keynes' General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, which is not interpreted in a uniform way in the literature. The author of this article tries to show that the problem was not presented in the above book in an explicit manner. Alongside an original Keynes' approach according to which demand for labour is determinaed by size of the effective demand for goods, we can also find in General theory' an acceptance of a neoclassical approach treating demand for labour as a function of real wages. The author tries to prove that the neoclassical approach plays a secondary role in Keynes’ overall theoretical system, and its acceptance by Keynes is due to the fact that the author of General Theory could not free himsell from neoclassical „common wisdoms". Thu, 01 Jan 1987 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6478 1987-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6467 Metoda badawcza Miltona Friedmana Belka, Marek The following theses of the research method adopted by M. Friedman arouse major doubts: — falsification ot hypotheses constitutes the only tost of their truthfulness, — main role of the theory consists in formulating forecasts. The principle of falsification „through implications" means that realism of assumptions of theoretical hypotheses remains outside the framework of the verification procedure, which — taking into account practical difficulties in comparing forecasts and implications of hypotheses with the economic reality resulting from the very essence of economic sciences — causes that a danger arises of transforming a scientific theory into an unquestionable economic doctrine. In turn, stressing the exclusive forecasting function of science implies abandoning attempts at explicating the reality, which consequently causes that we tend to deal with analysis not of cause-effect relationships but rather correlations, that cannot provide a basis for understanding phenomena. The knowledge obtained in this way is of necessity of „temporary” character and it arouses only limited confidence. In the case of the economic theory, wo are usual ly dealing then with lack of substantiation ot macroeconomic theories by solid macroeconomic foundations. Friedman does not try to conceal relationships between methodological deliberations and his economic doctrine. The aim of his research method is to facilitate defence of the two crucial elements of the neoclassical analysis — the profit maximization concepL and the perfect competition concept. They are more sensitive of critique ensuing from their direct confrontation with the reality while, on the other hand, it is much more difficult to underming them „through implications. Thu, 01 Jan 1987 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6467 1987-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6466 Polityka zatrudnienia w RFN ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem koncepcji skracania czasu pracy Hadrowicz, Tadeusz Unemployment constitutes one of the most important problems in highly developed capitalist countries today. And although these countries undertook numerous additional measures in the employment policy in the sixties, the slump in 1974 and 1975 along with the slow-down in the economic growth rate in the years following the crisis and the next crisis in the years 1981—1982 all caused that unemployment assumed proportions unprecedented since the fifties and a long-term character. Ineffectiveness of the state's economic policy and little optimistic long-term forecasts for economic growth led to revival and considerable strengthening of the working- -time shortening concept as a source of struggle with unemployment, which is the concept that first appeared and was applied in practice at the time of the great slump in 1929—1933. This article contains presentation of the above concept and of the discussion around it under way in West Germany. In its introduction, there are briefly presented also other measures employed by the West Gorman employment policy and undertaken in the late sixties, which produced rather meager effects. In the final part оГ the article, it is stated that a common reduction of working time is a measure able to alleviate the unemployment problem. As such it is a solution, which considering the present situation in the labour market of most highly developed countries, should be adopted in spite ol all reservations and doubts expressed with regard to it. Simultaneously, however, it seems quite obvious that it does not offer the slighest chance for permanent liquidation of this highly undesirable negative phenomenon. Thu, 01 Jan 1987 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6466 1987-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6465 Norweski model demokracji przemysłowej Rudolf, Stanisław The Norwegian model of industrial democracy was not developed until the seventies although processes of developing this democracy had begun much earlier- The Norwegian Labour Party and the trade union federation on the one hand and the confederation of employers on the other exerted the biggest influence on development of just such a model. Its essence boils down, first of all, to various forms of workers' control over ownership. A basic role in the Norwegian model is played by the indirect democracy forms. Among them are works councils composed of the same number of workers' and management's representatives. These are typically advisory bodies aiming primarily at improvement of the enterprise's economic effectiveness. . Workers' representatives constitute one third of their members. Empirical studies point at their restricted role in the decision-making process, and it especially refers to the enterprise's assembly, as th eir activity is overshadowed by that of trade unions. Thu, 01 Jan 1987 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/6465 1987-01-01T00:00:00Z