http://hdl.handle.net/11089/12985 Mon, 06 Apr 2026 14:07:07 GMT 2026-04-06T14:07:07Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13136 Z dziejów prasy łódzkiej. „Kurier Łódzki” i „Echo” - wydawnictwa Jana Stypułkowskiego (1919-1939) Olejnik, Leszek In this article the history of one of two biggest Lodz publishing houses in the 2nd Rzeczpospolita (Republic) was presented. The lawyer Jan Stypulkowski played the main role in it, although at first he had a few partners (1920-1923 cx-Primc Minister Leopold Skulski). Since December 1919 the company edited „Kurier Łódzki” newspaper which arose on the base of the paper of the same title, bought from the previous publisher - Stanisław Książek - and of „Straż Polska”. In 1925 Jan Stypulkowski started publishing his sensational afternoon paper „Łódzkie Echo Wieczorne” (1928-1939 - „Echo”). In the early 1930’s on the intersection of 195 Piotrkowska Street and 2 Żwirki Street a modem building, containing a printing firm and offices of both newspapers, was built. In the 1930’s basing on many local mutations of „Echo” the newspaper company owned by Jan Stypułkowski successfully competed for the readers’ market on almost the whole teritory of Poland. The newspapers of the discussed above company underwent in the interwar period a significant ideological and political evolution. Until 1922 „Kurier Łódzki” was connected with the National Peasants’ Union and then it represented the Christian-Democratic direction. From the close of the 1920’s both newspapers gradually passed on to pro-sanacional positions. Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13136 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13135 Przemysł metalowo-maszynowy w łódzkim okręgu przemysłowym w latach 1899-1914 Klemantowicz, Dariusz The last twenty years of the 19th century were characterized by rapid development of industry in Łódź industrial district. Undoubtedly this development was mainly caused by the development of textile industry. However, the views of the hitherto existing literature identifying Łódź district only with textile industry seem to be wrong. Dominating textile industry stimulated the development of non-textile branches of industry including metal - machine industry which is being described. Yet, not anly textile industry decided about the development of Łódź industrial district at the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, but other branches as well. In hitherto existing literature there have not been any works describing particular branches of industry including metal-machine industry. The aim of this article is presentation of the development of metal - machine branch in Lodz district. In 1899-1913 in Łódź industrial district an increase of contribution o f metal machine factories took place. This increase can be noticed both in the growth of production and employment and a number of factories as well. The demand for the machines for textile industry dccided about the development of metal-machine industry in the district. That is where an unusual role of the mechanic factories during the studied period and the concentration of metal-mechanic branch mainly in Łódź come from. The development of this industry in Łódź was influenced by big and great factories and to a less degree by middle-sized companies. Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13135 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13134 Z problemów niemieckiego osadnictwa rolnego w okolicach Łodzi w początkach XIX wieku. Obrót ziemią Woźniak, Krzysztof Paweł This issue was discussed on the examples of two administrative districts of Brzeziny and Łęczyca in 1808-1818. This area was characterised by a great number of colonies inhabited by the population of German origin. The analysis of trade with land was made on the basis of notarial acts. Considering the way of transfering the right o f land property a majority i.e. 92% of 150 studied contracts were transactions o f purchase and sale. Other transactions dealt with exchange o f grounds, division of colonies and granting of the land. The studied phenomenon was characterised by great dynamics. The circle of contracting parties was limited only to colonists’ environment. The representatives of other social groups were represented only occasionally. Also the area, which the contracting parties came from, was limited comprising villages situated within a radius of 35 km. However, inside particular colonies a great boom took place. Frequent changes of land ownership which were the result of looking for better conditions for farming management did not foster the moment of economic stabilization. These conclusions shake the argument, spread by the German historians, about the economic power and big stabilization of German settlers’ colonies in the region of the future Lodz industrial district. Sat, 01 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13134 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13126 Wolnomularstwo a Kościół katolicki w II Rzeczypospolitej. Kontrowersje i polemiki Waingertner, Przemysław The relations between freemasonic organisations and the Catholic Church turned out badly since the moment of birth of modern freemasonery in the 18th century. It was caused by Church distrust of the idea of ideological tolerance, preached by freemasons, and the Catholic clergy fear of spreading universal freemasonic ideology which could compete with the clerical one. In interwar Poland the Catholic Church, supported by the national right wing, had hostile attitude towards the lodges. Under the propaganda of the Catholic national camp a negative stereotype of freemasonic organizations was shaped in the 2nd Rzeczpospolita public opinion. Its appearance could not be disturbed by few freemasons’ and liberals’ manifestations defending the lodges. The opponents of freemasonic orders accused them of fighting the Catholic doctrine, the wish to humiliate the institution of the Church, breaking up the Catholics’ unity and the attempts to destroy Christianity. National - Catholic circles saw in freemasonery „Antichurch” - a centre coordinating the work of groups, organizations and movements opposing the Catholic church domination in political and religious life of interwar Poland. In fact, freemasons were not a real threat for the Catholic church in the 2nd Rzeczpospolita. Freemasonic thought was inspired by Christianity and many members of the lodges were believing Christians. Preached by freemasons ideological tolerance assumed full freedom of all religious cults of course a Catholic one included. In interwar Poland there were very few attempts of reliable analysis of the lodges’ attitude towards the Catholic church. The picture which dominated described a freemason as an atheist, an enemy of religion but first of all of Catholicism. Although this picture became very popular it was far from the truth as well. Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13126 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z