http://hdl.handle.net/11089/10 Wed, 15 Apr 2026 02:32:48 GMT 2026-04-15T02:32:48Z https://dspace.uni.lodz.pl:443/xmlui/bitstream/id/d8ae3da8-7a75-42dd-b995-a10f05c2f578/ http://hdl.handle.net/11089/10 http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57762 Przestępstwo niealimentacji w polskim prawie karnym. Zasadność utrzymywania karalności w art. 209 k.k. Koczy, Nikola This doctoral dissertation examines the legitimacy, proportionality, and necessity of maintaining criminal liability for non-alimony under Article 209 of the Polish Criminal Code. It analyzes the legal, constitutional, and social dimensions of penalizing the failure to fulfill alimony obligations, particularly in light of the 2017 amendment, which expanded the scope of criminal liability. The main objective is to assess whether criminal sanctions remain a justified and effective instrument for enforcing alimony obligations in the context of the constitutional principle of proportionality. The study employs a formal-dogmatic method, supplemented by historical, statistical, and sociological analyses, including an evaluation of legislative developments, case data, and public attitudes. The findings indicate that, despite the scale and social significance of non-alimony, the effectiveness of criminal law in ensuring compliance is limited. Penal measures may fail to achieve their preventive function and can negatively affect the debtor’s capacity to fulfill financial obligations, particularly in cases involving imprisonment. The dissertation also highlights the role of non-penal mechanisms, such as civil enforcement and administrative instruments, which may provide more effective and proportionate solutions, consistent with the principle of criminal law as ultima ratio. It concludes that the continued criminalization of non-alimony raises serious concerns regarding proportionality and effectiveness, and calls for a reconsideration of current legal policy in favor of less restrictive enforcement measures. Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57762 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57735 Indicators and the international protection of health-related human rights. A study of the World Health Organization’s practices during the COVID-19 pandemic Byczyński, Michał The dissertation examines the role of indicators in shaping the interpretation and implementation of health-related human rights, with particular emphasis on the practice of the World Health Organization in the context of COVID-19. The crisis exposed structural weaknesses of global health governance, reflected in fragmented state responses and the limited capacity of international institutions to ensure coordinated action. Although formally mandated to provide leadership, the WHO operated under significant political and financial constraints, which reduced its ability to secure compliance with its recommendations. As a result, the Organization increasingly relied on various regulatory instruments, including guidelines, expert assessments and indicators, in order to steer state behaviour. The study investigates whether indicators function merely as interpretative tools or whether they actively shape the substance and application of legal obligations. Given the inherent indeterminacy of health-related human rights, indicators are analysed as instruments capable of translating abstract legal standards into measurable expectations. However, their use raises concerns regarding simplification and selectivity. Indicators are thus situated at the intersection of law and governance, demonstrating their dual legal and epistemic effects.The findings suggest that indicators not only influence compliance assessment but also shape the understanding of obligations themselves. Ultimately, the dissertation argues that indicators have a constitutive role in contemporary international law, while emphasizing the need for their critical and responsible use to ensure that quantification supports, rather than distorts, the realisation of human rights. Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57735 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57574 Zasada realnego wykonania zamówienia publicznego Drozdowicz, Michał This dissertation explores legal solutions in the fields of public procurement law and the law of obligations relating to the principle of specific performance of a public procurement contract. The dissertation verifies three theses. Firstly, within the context of public procurement law, the principle of specific performance of a public procurement contract, resulting from the application of Article 354 of the Civil Code, is oriented towards the satisfaction of collective (public) needs. 2) This principle is subject to stricter requirements in public procurement law through numerous normative solutions and their appropriate interpretation; each solution is focused on the purpose of the purchased services, supplies, and construction works. The obligation of specific performance of obligations in the sphere of public procurement contracts is subject to safeguards due to the limitation of the contracting authority's autonomy and the contractual freedom of the parties because of numerous mandatory and semi-mandatory provisions. Important obligations under public law include the analysis of the contracting authority's needs and requirements, the adequate description and proper estimation of the subject of a public procurement contract, the duty to pursue claims to which the contracting authority is entitled, and the preparation of a report on the performance of a public procurement contract. Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57574 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57558 Dobro dziecka w ujęciu indywidualistycznym i wspólnotowym Mendecka, Karolina Próba ustalenia jednoznacznej, uniwersalnej i niebudzącej definicji dobra dziecka jest skazana na niepowodzenie. Jednocześnie, jest to zwrot powszechnie stosowany w aktach stanowienia i stosowania prawa. Książka koncentruje się na usystematyzowaniu najważniejszych kwestii oraz dostarczeniu niezbędnych wskazówek dotyczących tytułowego pojęcia. Soczewką dla rozważań jest Nietzscheańska opozycja apollińsko-dionizyjska, która stanowi wszechstronną propozycję ujęcia przedstawionych w pracy filozoficzno- i teoretycznoprawnych zagadnień. Pierwiastek apolliński symbolizuje intelekt, prawo i jednostkę, natomiast dionizyjski – siłę natury, instynkt oraz wspólnotę. Formuła oparta na przeciwstawieniu dwóch żywiołów jest optyką przyjętą w pracy w nawiązaniu do wielu przeciwieństw: począwszy od wspólnotowego i indywidualistycznego spojrzenia na dobro i dobro dziecka, przez filozofie liberalną i komunitariańską, czy wreszcie teoretycznoprawnego omówienia koncepcji dobra dziecka jako klauzuli oraz zasady prawnej w świetle orzecznictwa sądów oraz trybunałów krajowych i międzynarodowych. Publikacja jest wyrazem chęci zainicjowania pogłębionej debaty dotyczącej znaczenia dobra dziecka, gdyż pojęcie to często bywa używany niedbale i nieprecyzyjnie. Chociaż nie sposób zamknąć tego terminu w ścisłe ramy, to niewątpliwie istnieje szereg czynników, które każdorazowo należy rozważyć przy dokonywaniu oceny dobra dziecka. Intencją tekstu nie jest jednak wskazanie gotowych rozwiązań czy przygotowanie recepty na ten istotny i skomplikowany proces ustalania treści pojęcia dobra dziecka przez organy stosujące prawo. Monografia ma na celu jedynie ukazanie dwoistej natury dziecka – zarówno wspólnotowej, jak i indywidualistycznej – którą to należy wziąć zawsze pod uwagę, dokonując interpretacji tego pojęcia.; The principle of the best interest of the child has gained widespread recognition. It is universally applied in adjudication by courts, tribunals, administrative authorities and legislative bodies in cases concerning children. This book aims to investigate what is behind the meaning of this term from the perspective of the philosophy of law and the political philosophy as well as in light of international and Polish law. Nietzsche famously argued that there are two opposing elements: Apollonian and Dionysian. Apollonian aspect represents the individual, order, rational thinking, logic, and law. The Dionysian element represents nature, unconsciousness, instinct, chaos, urges – there are no rules. According to the philosopher, everything and everyone consist of both Apollonian and Dionysian elements. This classification offers an insightful perspective on the subject of this book and is a thought-provoking starting point for the topic of child’s best interest, but also the notions of good and common good. Each matter is approached from the philosophical and legal angle. Although there is no clear and undisputed definition of the best interest standard, there are some factors that need to be considered. In all actions concerning children their particular interests have to be taken into consideration, along with moral and ethical aspects. At the same time, the child is a part of a community – the family, the society, and the state. Therefore, the communal angle of what is good for a child must always be considered as well. The main finding of the book is that there needs to be a balance between the individualistic and communal aspects while interpreting what is good for a child. Therefore, the balancing act is also necessary for interpreting what is best for a child – otherwise, the standard is set up to fail. Tue, 23 May 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57558 2023-05-23T00:00:00Z