http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13310 2026-04-08T21:56:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13444 Ręczna broń palna w świetle rejestrów popisowych piechoty zaciężnej z lat 1471-1500 Grabarczyk, Tadeusz First mentions concerning handfirearms in Poland are dated from 1410. The oldest type of such weapon, found in Lwow, is dated from the first half of the XVth century. Mercenary infantry played an important part in popularization of handfirearms. Armament of mercenary infantry is known thanks to registers of the troops (from 1471, 1477, 1496, 1498, 1497, 1500) which are preserved. Comparing to other armies, schooters played an important part in Polish infantry. On the average 75% of all infantrymen were schooters. In 1471 and in 1477 infantry schooters were armed with swords and first of all with crossbows. Only 16 among 2000 schooters had firearms that time. The registers from 1496-1500 show growing popularity of handfirearms among mercenary infantry troops. In 1496 27,1% of schooters were armed with firearms, in 1497 - 54%, in 1498 - 60%, in 1500 - almost 63%. Thanks to the registers a process of rapid weapon exchange can be observed. Descriptions of battles from the early XVIл century show us that using of firearms had a serous influence on struggle’s final result. It happened so for example during battles of Kiecko (1506), Orsza (1514) and Obertyn (1531), where infantry was armed like the troops mentioned in the registers. Basing on the registers, we can say that professional mercenary soldiers prefered handfirearms to crossbows, considering them to be more efficient. 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13442 Od Redakcji 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13441 Wizerunek kobiety w kronice Mistrza Wincentego Malinowska, Jolanta The article concerns three aspects of Medieval woman: as a ruler, as mother and as ruler’s adviser (meaning person from a close circle of a ruler). All characters who appeard in Master Wincenty’s Chronicle were evidently positive or negative. Woman regarded as positive should be perfect both as a ruler and as mother, even when it did not agree with historical sources known to the author. On the other hand, woman regarded as negative should be bad mother as well as an incompetent ruler or woman having harmful influence on her husband. Semiramis - queen of Assyria, Tamyris - queen of Skythai, Rycheza - wife of Mieszko II and Helena - wife of Kazimierz Sprawiedliwy are the most throughly described women of the Chronicle. They were showed both as rulers and mothers. 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13440 Pieczęcie instytucji sądowych miast Wielkopolski do końca XVIII w. a heraldyka miejska Adamczewski, Marek Authors of ideas and creators of judical seals in Old Poland (to 1791) were completely free in creating of seal pictures. However we can observe a connection between judical and municipal iconography of seals. Rules for creating of seal pictures were established by decisions of the Great Sejm in June and October 1791. Using of judical seals for studies on town heraldry may give us unexpected results. For example we are able to revise previous settlements concerning origins of some town arms as well as heraldic symbols. We would be able to use judical seals more effectively for scientific studies, when we had at our disposal complete histories of cities and towns, lists of municipal officials as well as a knowledge of municipal judicature in old small towns. 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z