http://hdl.handle.net/11089/1116 2026-05-24T07:08:38Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/58374 Udział czynnika społecznego w orzekaniu w polskim procesie karnym Grubalska, Aleksandra Tematem rozprawy doktorskiej jest zagadnienie udziału czynnika społecznego w orzekaniu w polskim procesie karnym, co oznacza partycypację obywateli – sędziów niezawodowych w rozpoznawaniu spraw karnych. Ich obecność i rola w procesie różni się od innych przejawów realizacji zasady udziału czynnika społecznego w rozprawie głównej. W fazie orzekania (podczas rozprawy oraz narady i głosowania) uczestniczą jedynie ławnicy. Struktura pracy skupia się głownie na dwóch metodach badawczych – prawnoporównawczej i formalno-dogmatycznej. Pierwszy rozdział pracy to rozdział historycznoprawny. W drugim rozdziale rozprawy doktorskiej zastosowano metodę komparatystyczną. Celem wskazanego rozdziału było poszukiwanie konstrukcji z prawa obcego, w zakresie udziału czynnika społecznego w orzekaniu w procesie karnym, które mogłyby zostać inkorporowane do polskiego porządku prawnego. Trzeci rozdział stanową badania formalno-dogmatyczne. Udział czynnika społecznego w prawie polskim (w zakresie procedur) ma swoją podstawę w przepisach kodeksu postępowania karnego i postępowania cywilnego sensu largo (prawo rodzinne i prawo pracy). Podstawę prawną konstrukcji stanowią również przepisy Konstytucji RP oraz uregulowania ustrojowe. W rozdziale tym dokonano analizy przedmiotowych regulacji. W czwartym rozdziale rozprawy doktorskiej poczyniono badania formalno-dogmatyczne w zakresie projektów ustawodawczych w odniesieniu do instytucji sędziego pokoju. W piątym rozdziale zastosowano metodę empiryczną. Przedstawiono w nim wyniki badań, obejmujących wywiady z przedstawicielami wymiaru sprawiedliwości (sędziami i ławnikami) w zakresie świadomości prawnej obywateli sprawujących wymiar sprawiedliwości i podejście prawników praktyków do społeczeństwa. W szóstym rozdziale rozprawy doktorskiej podjęto próbę stworzenia modelu udziału czynnika społecznego w orzekaniu w polskim procesie karnym.; Topic of this doctoral dissertation is the issue of participation of the social factor in adjudicating in Polish criminal process, which implies the participation of citizens – lay judges – in criminal trial. Their presence and the role in the process differs from other examples of the principle of the social factor in the trial. During the adjudicating phase (the trial, deliberations, and voting), only lay judges can participate. The first chapter is based on the historical method. The second chapter presents a comparative method. The purpose of this chapter was to explore constructs from foreign law regarding the participation of the social factor in criminal proceedings that could be incorporated into the Polish law. The third chapter presents formal-dogmatic research. The participation of the social factor in Polish law (in terms of procedures) is based on the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure and the broader sense of civil procedure (family law and labor law) and includes provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and systemic regulations. The fourth chapter conducts formal-dogmatic research on legislative proposals regarding the institution of justice of the peace. The fifth chapter presents an empirical method - the results of research, including interviews with representatives of the justice system (judges and lay judges) regarding the legal awareness of citizens administering justice and the lawyers’ perspective of the society. The sixth chapter of the doctoral dissertation attempts to introduce a model of the participation of the social factor in adjudicating in Polish criminal proceedings. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/58158 Znaczenie prawne decentralised autonomous organisation Wiącek, Tomasz The research objective adopted in this dissertation is to determine the legal meaning of the DAO, i.e. Decentralised Autonomous Organisations. A DAO is a digital entity based on software − smart contracts − executed on the blockchain. However, beyond its computer code, a DAO also requires a human component. Thus, a DAO may be defined as a specific type of association based on a decentralised, semi-autonomous system. From an ontological standpoint, a DAO, as a decentralised digital entity, represents an exceptionally innovative phenomenon. By addressing this subject, the dissertation fills a research gap within Polish legal scholarship concerning the legal relevance of DAOs. The dissertation examines the hypothesis of the alegality of decentralised autonomous organisations, which posits that DAOs, in their proper understanding, cannot be effectively regulated by statutory law. This is due to the technological characteristics of DAOs as decentralised entities that exist through blockchain technology. The research conducted for the purposes of the dissertation allows for substantial confirmation of the examined hypothesis. As DAOs − according to the assumptions of blockchain advocates − are not controlled by any single entity or organised group, but rather by a community of independent software users, the state should not strive to regulate their operations at all costs. In relation to such DAOs, legislators’ approach should be based on the so-called “inclusion by exclusion.” This approach assumes the legal recognition of the existence of DAOs while specifying that entities of this nature are not subject to certain regulatory obligations. However, the hypothesis of DAO alegality can be reasonably challenged in part. Many DAOs operating in practice, despite their declared decentralisation, possess points of centralised control. This includes, above all, the ability to update DAO software, transfer funds stored in DAO smart contracts, or determine the organisation’s direction through voting, where a narrow group of individuals holds a majority of governance tokens and thereby exercises control. Within the author’s proposed legislative and regulatory approach to DAOs presented in the dissertation, it is argued that entities exercising such control − if they can be identified − should bear responsibility for the DAO’s actions, including violations of the law. The first part of the doctoral dissertation focuses on general issues of blockchain technology and its legal relevance. The second chapter addresses the question of what a DAO is, based on a systematic review of the literature. The third chapter, which also examines the nature of DAOs, presents the results of empirical analysis. The fourth and final part of the dissertation focuses on the legal aspects of DAOs and presents final conclusions regarding their legal relevance. The research results largely confirm, but also partially refute, the hypothesis verified in the dissertation. Moreover, the considerations on the legal relevance of DAOs have allowed for the formulation of several original subsidiary conclusions. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57762 Przestępstwo niealimentacji w polskim prawie karnym. Zasadność utrzymywania karalności w art. 209 k.k. Koczy, Nikola This doctoral dissertation examines the legitimacy, proportionality, and necessity of maintaining criminal liability for non-alimony under Article 209 of the Polish Criminal Code. It analyzes the legal, constitutional, and social dimensions of penalizing the failure to fulfill alimony obligations, particularly in light of the 2017 amendment, which expanded the scope of criminal liability. The main objective is to assess whether criminal sanctions remain a justified and effective instrument for enforcing alimony obligations in the context of the constitutional principle of proportionality. The study employs a formal-dogmatic method, supplemented by historical, statistical, and sociological analyses, including an evaluation of legislative developments, case data, and public attitudes. The findings indicate that, despite the scale and social significance of non-alimony, the effectiveness of criminal law in ensuring compliance is limited. Penal measures may fail to achieve their preventive function and can negatively affect the debtor’s capacity to fulfill financial obligations, particularly in cases involving imprisonment. The dissertation also highlights the role of non-penal mechanisms, such as civil enforcement and administrative instruments, which may provide more effective and proportionate solutions, consistent with the principle of criminal law as ultima ratio. It concludes that the continued criminalization of non-alimony raises serious concerns regarding proportionality and effectiveness, and calls for a reconsideration of current legal policy in favor of less restrictive enforcement measures. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57735 Indicators and the international protection of health-related human rights. A study of the World Health Organization’s practices during the COVID-19 pandemic Byczyński, Michał The dissertation examines the role of indicators in shaping the interpretation and implementation of health-related human rights, with particular emphasis on the practice of the World Health Organization in the context of COVID-19. The crisis exposed structural weaknesses of global health governance, reflected in fragmented state responses and the limited capacity of international institutions to ensure coordinated action. Although formally mandated to provide leadership, the WHO operated under significant political and financial constraints, which reduced its ability to secure compliance with its recommendations. As a result, the Organization increasingly relied on various regulatory instruments, including guidelines, expert assessments and indicators, in order to steer state behaviour. The study investigates whether indicators function merely as interpretative tools or whether they actively shape the substance and application of legal obligations. Given the inherent indeterminacy of health-related human rights, indicators are analysed as instruments capable of translating abstract legal standards into measurable expectations. However, their use raises concerns regarding simplification and selectivity. Indicators are thus situated at the intersection of law and governance, demonstrating their dual legal and epistemic effects.The findings suggest that indicators not only influence compliance assessment but also shape the understanding of obligations themselves. Ultimately, the dissertation argues that indicators have a constitutive role in contemporary international law, while emphasizing the need for their critical and responsible use to ensure that quantification supports, rather than distorts, the realisation of human rights. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z