. Studia z dziejów Polski i powszechnych XVI-XX wieku http://hdl.handle.net/11089/18704 2026-04-08T17:12:45Z 2026-04-08T17:12:45Z Grzegorzewska, Kinga http://hdl.handle.net/11089/18725 2018-02-01T11:20:56Z 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z

Rola kobiet w hiszpańskich wyprawach zdobywczych w Ameryce Środkowej i Południowej w XVI w. Grzegorzewska, Kinga I would like to present in this article the question of the participation of women in the martial and exploratory expeditions to Central and South America organized by the Spanish in the sixteenth century. Usually, descriptions of the expeditions are limited to the male participants, which is why in this article I would like to direct attention to the participation and activity of women in such enterprises. Native women performed serving functions of cooks, laundresses, porters, or aided the Spanish as interpreters and provided them with information. Sometimes they took part in expeditions in order to accompany their husbands or paramours, as female Indians were often gifted to the conquerors as slaves. Spanish women often joined expeditions of which one of the aims was to settle newly conquered territories. They would set off together with their husbands or paramours, often enjoying privileges which aggravated the other participants. Women took a variety of tasks upon themselves, frequently advising leaders in problematic situations. The article presents various forms of activity of the members of the fair sex during the expeditions, and their status and influence on the success of the undertakings.

2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Karkocha, Małgorzata http://hdl.handle.net/11089/18724 2022-01-13T11:23:05Z 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z

Epigrafika w Małogoszczu XVI–XVIII w. Karkocha, Małgorzata In Małogoszcz there are preserved 55 epigraphic monuments from the late 16th to 18th century. The mentioned town is one of the most important centers of Old Polish epigraphy in the region and in general in the province of Kielce. Richer resources can boast only Jędrzejów (59 epigraphic monuments) and Kielce (57 epigraphic monuments). Epigraphic monuments in Małogoszcz are located in places of worship (parish church dedicated to Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Stanislaus branch church in Babinek), with one exception of the inscription located on the window frame of presbytery. There are 17 monuments of the 16th century, 35 of the next century, and 3 of the 18th century. Among the inscriptions the most abundant are all kind of tablets (gravestone, commemorative, votive, aphoristic and aphoristic- votive plaques) in the number of 23. In second place in terms of numbers ranked up the graffiti, which are 15. We also have three heraldic cartouches, two portals, the same number of chalices and bells, a stone slab, a frame of window, a chasuble, a monstrance, a ciborium, a vessel designed to keep the holy oils, ampoules and a votive plaque. Most of the inscriptions were carried out in Latin, and only three in Polish. The dominant type of script is inscriptional capitals (humanistic capitals). Most of the monuments were found by the clergymen. It should be emphasized activities of two representatives of Chrostkowic family – Jacob Bieda and his nephew Jacob (the Younger). They founded more than 20 objects bearing inscriptions. A smaller share in foundations had representatives of the other states – townspeople and noblemen. In epigraphy of Małogoszcz there is a high volume of various types of abbreviation. The most popular is suspension, and in inscriptions of the 16th and 17th century also abbreviatio per signum abreviationis. It is characteristic a little quantity of shortening per litteram suprascriptam. There is also a small amount of shortening in inscriptions carried out in Polish. The stonemasons from Małogoszcz often skipped the characters describing the hash value as well. In the monuments of the late 16th century and the first half of the 17th century, draws attention the way of saving the daily and annual dates, not occurring anywhere else in the region. It shall also apply the specific and unique measures of abbreviation, that make almost impossible to decipher an inscription.

2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Czekalska, Adrianna http://hdl.handle.net/11089/18723 2018-02-01T11:20:59Z 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z

Ugoda w Janowcu z października 1606 r. w świetle dwóch pism politycznych Czekalska, Adrianna The reign of Sigismund III Vasa excites controversy today. One of the hardest events seems to be a conflict of the King and the nobility, which is known in the literature as Zebrzydowski rebellion. This dispute can be divided into two phases: the period from March 1606 to the Janowiec compromise on 4–8 October 1606, and the events of the years 1607–1609. This article presents the position of opponents and supporters of the findings which were signed in the camp in Janowiec. There were compared two propaganda writings. They were written after agreement in Janowiec and they are part of the extensive editing of the source published by Jan Czubek. Although the two letters were written by two different groups, a common goal connects them – getting undecided representatives. The agreement announced by Sigismund III on October 8, 1606 did not end the conflict. One if the main points of the agreement was the commitment of the King to convene the Polish Parliament, which was supposed to consider a settlement. Deferring a decision on the opening of the debate has led to increase in 1607 the tension among the Polish nobility. It was the beginning of the next phase of the rebellion, whose highlight was a battle of Guzów on July 6, 1607.

2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Bomanowski, Bogusz http://hdl.handle.net/11089/18722 2018-02-01T11:21:01Z 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z

Współdziałanie wojsk Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów w pierwszym etapie walk kampanii cudnowskiej Bomanowski, Bogusz This researchers are intended to comprehend and put under analyses a set of modes of cooperation performed by different military units under Polish command during first part of the cudnovian campaign, including hostilities under Kutyszcze, Lubar and during the retreat of Moscovian- -Cossack army on the path to Cudnow. A proper campaign became my choice as a subject of researches, because indigenous and unique Polish-Lithuanian art of War achieved very high level of development in this period, perfected by great hetmans since the end of 16th century. It gives a good background to examine methods of cooperation by different types of forces in the army of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Conclusions made in the wake of analyses devoted to the first part of this campaign could be formed in to four sets. 1. Modular and diverse structure of Polish army amended by large group of Crimean light cavalry is a flexible and versatile power. It gives a large superiority over Moscovian-Cossack forces. Commanders on different levels of command are able to create ad hoc joint task force and to variegate cooperation modes between them. 2. Cooperation is predominant quality of Polish forces during vast majority of sufficient actions in this campaign. Diacritically large spectrum of available types of specialized units causes a mixture of capabilities and complicated scenarios of cooperation, which is used with great outcome to step up the effectiveness of Polish army. Despite confrontation with very strong discipline of Moscovian-Cossack forces, their sustainable, enduring defense, desperate brave in close combat and good command, there are only one dominant and pervasive force – Polish army and Tatars were creative enough, to bring their opponents to the passive role. 3. Some weak moments in polish-tatar cooperation could be also observed. Especially Tatars are the reason of some havoc in collective actions. They attack without permission (battle of Kutyszcze) or withhold their units to avoid losses, making Poles to fight alone (by the Ibr river). 4. Ad hoc although not hasty actions are performed alongside with disciplined methodical operations. Commanders of small units (under regimental level: banners, squadrons etc.) are creative but also it is visible, that among all polish forces officers are provided with a dependable background of unified procedures which they choose to operate in a wide spectrum of tactical situations. Hostilities started by the charge of hussars under Wilczkowski and continued by action of musketeers is a god example here. It is a modern army with standardized roles and procedures, but not bounded with it. Enthusiasm of soldiers and their readiness to support each other is showed by units, who spontaneously engage the cooperation.

2015-01-01T00:00:00Z