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dc.contributor.authorAnggriawan, Rizaldy
dc.date.accessioned2026-09-10T14:30:41Z
dc.date.available2026-09-10T14:30:41Z
dc.date.issued2026-09-10
dc.identifier.issn0208-6069
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/59324
dc.description.abstractThe proliferation of private military companies (PMCs) challenges the state-centric international legal system, enabling states to use proxies while maintaining plausible deniability. This paper deconstructs that legal and political fiction, aiming to identify and analyze existing pathways to accountability for PMC misconduct under international law. The analysis focuses on two primary legal avenues: state attribution under the International Law Commission’s (ILC) Articles on State Responsibility (ARSIWA) and corporate criminal liability. It demonstrates that these legal frameworks are fraught with difficulties, including a deep jurisprudential divide between the ICJ and ICTY on attribution standards and significant procedural hurdles for corporate prosecution. The Wagner Group serves as a case study. This study concludes that the core problem is not a legal vacuum, but rather a “compliance vacuum,” where states deliberately avoid their obligations. Overcoming this will require a more robust application of the law.en
dc.description.abstractProliferacja prywatnych firm wojskowych (PMC) stanowi wyzwanie dla zorientowanego na państwo międzynarodowego systemu prawnego, umożliwiając państwom korzystanie z usług pełnomocników przy jednoczesnym zachowaniu wiarygodnego zaprzeczenia. Niniejszy artykuł dekonstruuje tę fikcję prawną i polityczną, dążąc do zidentyfikowania i przeanalizowania istniejących ścieżek odpowiedzialności za niewłaściwe postępowanie PMC na gruncie prawa międzynarodowego. Analiza koncentruje się na dwóch głównych drogach prawnych: przypisaniu odpowiedzialności państwu na mocy Artykułów Międzynarodowej Komisji Legislacyjnej (ARSIWA) oraz odpowiedzialności karnej korporacji. Pokazuje, że te ramy prawne są obarczone wieloma trudnościami, w tym głębokim podziałem jurysprudencji między MTS a MTKJ w zakresie standardów atrybucji oraz znacznymi przeszkodami proceduralnymi w ściganiu przedsiębiorstw. Grupa Wagnera stanowi studium przypadku. Niniejsze badanie dowodzi, że zasadniczym problemem nie jest próżnia prawna, lecz raczej „próżnia zgodności”, w której państwa celowo unikają swoich zobowiązań. Przezwyciężenie tego problemu będzie wymagało bardziej rygorystycznego stosowania prawa.pl
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherWydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiegopl
dc.relation.ispartofseriesActa Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridicaen
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
dc.subjectaccountabilityen
dc.subjectinternational lawen
dc.subjectprivate military companiesen
dc.subjectstate responsibilityen
dc.subjectWagner groupen
dc.subjectodpowiedzialnośćpl
dc.subjectprawo międzynarodowepl
dc.subjectprywatne firmy wojskowepl
dc.subjectodpowiedzialność państwapl
dc.subjectgrupa Wagnerapl
dc.titleDeconstructing Plausible Deniability and Attributing Responsibility for the Conduct of Private Military Companiesen
dc.title.alternativeDekonstrukcja wiarygodnego zaprzeczania i przypisywanie odpowiedzialności za postępowanie prywatnych firm wojskowychpl
dc.typeArticle
dc.page.number139-154
dc.contributor.authorAffiliationUniversitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakartaen
dc.identifier.eissn2450-2782
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dc.contributor.authorEmailrizaldyanggriawan@outlook.com
dc.identifier.doi10.18778/0208-6069.115.09
dc.relation.volume115


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