| dc.contributor.author | Saad, Mazni | |
| dc.contributor.author | Murad, Nur Farradilla | |
| dc.contributor.author | Kassim, Normalini Md | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ahmad, Aznita | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-04-28T09:04:11Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2026-04-28T09:04:11Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2025-12-18 | |
| dc.identifier.issn | 0867-5856 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/11089/58232 | |
| dc.description.abstract | Dark tourism is associated with death and tragedy, and these sites attract visitors for education, leisure and historical interest with motivations including media portrayals and amusement. The research explores visitor motivations and emotional experiences in Malaysia, aiming to understand travel constraints and enhance awareness and interest, addressing gaps in local literature and practical strategies. Dark tourism in Malaysia needs more marketing and higher awareness. Despite its potential, it fails to attract tourists due to inadequate promotion and the need for more attention from authorities, industry growth is hindered. A quantitative study using a self-administered survey targeting visitors and non-visitors to dark tourism sites in Malaysia, employed non-probability and purposive sampling. One hundred and fifty data sets were collected from Google Forms distributed through WhatsApp and Twitter for one month. Though the theory of reasoned action confirmed the structural model, the results show that all three hypotheses are rejected. This indicates that the underlying reasons based on the results need further investigation. | en |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego | pl |
| dc.relation.ispartofseries | Turyzm/Tourism;2 | en |
| dc.rights.uri | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 | |
| dc.subject | dark tourism | en |
| dc.subject | leisure constraints | en |
| dc.subject | Malaysia | en |
| dc.subject | theory of reasoned action | en |
| dc.subject | visit intention | en |
| dc.title | Travel hurdles and dark tourism destinations: Unraveling Malaysian tourists’ visit intentions | en |
| dc.type | Article | |
| dc.page.number | 75-85 | |
| dc.contributor.authorAffiliation | Saad, Mazni - International Islamic University Malaysia (Muar, Malaysia), Kulliyyah of Sustainable Tourism and Contemporary Languages | en |
| dc.contributor.authorAffiliation | Murad, Nur Farradilla - Decathlon (Johor Bahru, Malaysia) | en |
| dc.contributor.authorAffiliation | Kassim, Normalini Md - Universiti Sains Malaysia (Georgetown, Malaysia), School of Management, Technology Management Section | en |
| dc.contributor.authorAffiliation | Ahmad, Aznita - Universiti Selangor (Shah Alam, Malaysia), Faculty of Business and Accountancy | en |
| dc.identifier.eissn | 2080-6922 | |
| dc.references | Allman, H.R. (2017). Motivations and intentions of tourists to visit dark tourism locations [Doctoral theses, Iowa State University]. Iowa State University Digital Library. https://doi.org/10.31274/etd-180810-4871 | en |
| dc.references | Anderson, J.C., & Gerbing, D.W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411 | en |
| dc.references | Andlib, Z., & Salcedo-Castro, J. (2021). The impacts of tourism and governance on CO2 emissions in selected South Asian countries. Etikonomi, 20(2), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v20i2.17449 | en |
| dc.references | Ashworth, G.J., & Isaac, R.K. (2015). Have we illuminated the dark? Shifting perspectives on ‘dark’ tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 40(3), 316–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2015.1075726 | en |
| dc.references | Becker, J.-M., Cheah, J.-H., Gholamzade, R., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2023). PLS-SEM’s most wanted guidance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(1), 321–346. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2022-0474 | en |
| dc.references | Bhati, A., Agarwal, M., Tjayaindera, D.N., Aung, R., Thu, M., & Nguyen, T.M.T. (2021). Dark tourism in South East Asia: Are young Asian travelers up for it? International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 22(5), 550–566. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2019.1708223 | en |
| dc.references | Blom, T. (2000). Morbid tourism – a postmodern market niche with an example from Althorp. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift/ Norwegian Journal of Geography, 54(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/002919500423564 | en |
| dc.references | Boyacıoğlu, İ., & Aktaş, Ç. (2018). The centrality of events scale: A study of reliability and validity. Turk Psikoloji Yazilari / Turkish Psychological Articles, 21(41), 27–29. https://psikolog.org.tr/en/publications/magazines/1031828/tpy1301996120180000m000002.pdf | en |
| dc.references | Buhalis, D., Leung, X.Y., Fan, D., Darcy, S., Chen, G., Xu, F., Tan, G.W.-H., Nunkoo, R., & Farmaki, A. (2023). Editorial: Tourism 2030 and the contribution to the sustainable development goals: The tourism review viewpoint. Tourism Review, 78(2), 293–313. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-04-2023-620 | en |
| dc.references | Cai, Y., Li, G., Liu, C., & Wen, L. (2022). Post-pandemic dark tourism in former epicenters. Tourism Economics, 28(1), 175–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548166211034639 | en |
| dc.references | Chin, W.W., Marcolin, B.L., & Newsted, P.R. (2003). A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 189–217. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.14.2.189.16018 | en |
| dc.references | Conner, M., & Norman, P. (2022). Understanding the intention-behavior gap: The role of intention strength. Frontiers in Psychology: Section Health Psychology, 13, Article 923464. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923464 | en |
| dc.references | Dancausa, G., Hernández, R.D., & Pérez, L.M. (2023). Motivations and constraints for the ghost tourism: A case study in Spain. Leisure Sciences, 45(2), 156–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1805655 | en |
| dc.references | Ermagun, A., Erinne, J., & Fan, Y. (2022). Travel duration tolerance: Examining the sensitivity of emotional well-being to trip duration. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 102, Article 103137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.103137 | en |
| dc.references | Etikan, I., Musa, S.A., & Alkassim, R.S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11 | en |
| dc.references | Fishbein, M. (1967). Attitude and the prediction of behavior. In M. Fishbein (Ed.), Readings in attitude theory and measurement (pp. 477–492). John Wiley. | en |
| dc.references | Fishbein, M. (1979). A theory of reasoned action: Some applications and implications. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 27, 65–116. | en |
| dc.references | Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Addison-Wesley. | en |
| dc.references | Foley, M., & Lennon, J.J. (1996). JFK and dark tourism: A fascination with assassination. International Journal of Heritage Studies (IJHS), 2(4), 198–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527259608722175 | en |
| dc.references | Franke, G., & Sarstedt, M. (2019). Heuristics versus statistics in discriminant validity testing: A comparison of four procedures. Internet Research, 29(3), 430–447. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-12-2017-0515 | en |
| dc.references | Gani, A.A., Khairudin, A.S., Kadir, M., & Farmy, S. (2021). Assessing the relationship between promotional tools and tourists’ intention to visit the National Prison Museum in Melaka. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(13), 362–374. http://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i13/8554 | en |
| dc.references | Genc, V., & Gülertekin Genc, S. (2023). The effect of perceived authenticity in cultural heritage sites on tourist satisfaction: The moderating role of aesthetic experience. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 6(2), 530–548. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-08-2021-0218 | en |
| dc.references | Hair, J.F., Risher, J.J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C.M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203 | en |
| dc.references | Hartmann, R. (2014). Dark tourism, thanatourism, and dissonance in heritage tourism management: New directions in contemporary tourism research. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 9(2), 166–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2013.807266 | en |
| dc.references | Hassandarvish, M. (2024, August 13). More than beaches: Malaysia’s dark tourism beckons brave travellers. Malay Mail. https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2024/08/13/more-than-beaches-malaysias-dark-tourism-beckons-brave-travellers/145893 | en |
| dc.references | Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 | en |
| dc.references | Hosany, S., Hunter-Jones, P., & McCabe, S. (2020). Emotions in tourist experiences: Advancing our conceptual, methodological and empirical understanding. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 16, Article 100444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100444 | en |
| dc.references | Hosseini, S., Cortes-Macías, R., & Almeida-García, F. (2024). Extending the memorable tourism experience construct: An investigation of tourists’ memorable dark experiences. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 30(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/13567667221113078 | en |
| dc.references | Huang, R.-Y., Chang, W.-J., & Chang, C.-Y. (2021). Destination image analysis and its strategic implications: A literature review from 1990 to 2019. International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Reviews, 8(1), 30–50. https://doi.org/10.18510/ijthr.2021.813 | en |
| dc.references | Iliev, D. (2021). Consumption, motivation and experience in dark tourism: A conceptual and critical analysis. Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 23(5–6), 963–984. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1722215 | en |
| dc.references | Jackson, E.L. (2000). Will research on leisure constraints still be relevant in the twenty-first century? Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2000.11949887 | en |
| dc.references | Jamin, A., Mohd Zain, Z., Rosnita Sakarji, S., Ahmad, N., & Mayang Delima Mohd Beta, R. (2020). The benefits of dark tourism experience among visitors in Malaysia. KnE Social Sciences, 4(6), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v4i6.6600 | en |
| dc.references | Jian, Y., Lin, J., & Zhou, Z. (2021). The role of travel constraints in shaping nostalgia, destination attachment and revisit intentions and the moderating effect of prevention regulatory focus. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, Article 100516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100516 | en |
| dc.references | Jordan, E.J., & Prayag, G. (2022). Residents’ cognitive appraisals, emotions, and coping strategies at local dark tourism sites. Journal of Travel Research, 61(4), 887–902. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875211004761 | en |
| dc.references | Karl, M., Bauer, A., Ritchie, W.B., & Passauer, M. (2020). The impact of travel constraints on travel decision-making: A comparative approach of travel frequencies and intended travel participation. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18, Article 100471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100471 | en |
| dc.references | Kerr, M.M., Stone, P.R., & Price, R.H. (2021). Young tourists’ experiences at dark tourism sites: Towards a conceptual framework. Tourist Studies, 21(2), 198–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797620959048 | en |
| dc.references | Khan, M.J., Chelliah, S., Khan, F., & Amin, S. (2019). Perceived risks, travel constraints and visit intention of young women travelers: The moderating role of travel motivation. Tourism Review, 74(3), 721–738. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2018-0116 | en |
| dc.references | Kiráľová, A., & Šperková, R. (2024). Mapping the dark: A bibliometric examination of research in dark tourism. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), Article 2294552. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2294552 | en |
| dc.references | Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinear-ity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 11(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101 | en |
| dc.references | Kock, N., & Lynn, G.S. (2012). Lateral collinearity and misleading results in variance-based SEM: An illustration and recommendations. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(7), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00302 | en |
| dc.references | Korstanje, M.E. (2020). The dark tourist: Consuming dark spaces in the periphery. In M.E. Korstanje & H. Seraphin (Eds.), Tourism, terrorism and security: Tourism security-safety and post conflict destinations (pp. 135–150). Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83867-905-720201009 | en |
| dc.references | Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308 | en |
| dc.references | Lacanienta, A., Ellis, G., Hill, B., Freeman, P., & Jiang, J. (2020). Provocation and related subjective experiences along the dark tourism spectrum. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 15(6), 626–647. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873x.2020.1739055 | en |
| dc.references | Lewis, H., Schrier, T., & Xu, S. (2022). Dark tourism: Motivations and visit intentions of tourists. International Hospitality Review, 36(1), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1108/IHR-01-2021-0004 | en |
| dc.references | Light, D. (2017). Progress in dark tourism and thanatourism research: An uneasy relationship with heritage tourism. Tourism Management, 61, 275–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.01.011 | en |
| dc.references | Machado Carvalho, M.A. (2024). Bone Chapels: Who might be interested in visiting and why? Tourism Recreation Research, 49(6), 1331–1342. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2023.2167908 | en |
| dc.references | Martini, A., & Buda, D.M. (2020). Dark tourism and affect: Framing places of death and disaster. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(6), 679–692. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1518972 | en |
| dc.references | Min, J., Yang, K., & Thapa-Magar, A. (2021). Dark tourism segmentation by tourists’ motivations for visiting earthquake sites in Nepal: Implications for dark tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(8), 866–878. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2021.1925315 | en |
| dc.references | Mohd Zahari, M.S., Hanafiah, M.H., Syed Mahboob, S.S., & Md. Zain, N.A. (2016). Dark tourism: Is it a growth segment for the Malaysia tourism industry? Tourism and Hospitality Management, 22(1), 47–56. http://doi.org/10.20867/thm.22.1.5 | en |
| dc.references | Nik Mohd Nor, N.M.S., Mohamed Idris, A.K., Hashim, N., Tarmazi, S.A.A., & Dawi, S.D.B. (2020). A study of Sarawak ethnic food “Tuak” as means of communication in under-standing culture. Gading Journal for the Social Sciences, 23(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.24191/gading.v23i01.229 | en |
| dc.references | Nunkoo, R., & Gursoy, D. (2019). Political trust and residents’ support for alternative and mass tourism: An improved structural model. In J. Saarinen, C.M. Rogerson & C.M. Hall (Eds.), Tourism Planning and Development: Contemporary Cases and Emerging Issues (pp. 12–33). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315083742-2 | en |
| dc.references | Nyaupane, G.P., & Andereck, K.L. (2008). Understanding travel constraints: Application and extension of a leisure constraints model. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4), 433–439. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507308325 | en |
| dc.references | Othman, M.H., & Mohd Rosli, Z. (2023). Dark tourism in Malaysia: A growing sector? FBM Insights, 7(1), 59–61. | en |
| dc.references | Paker, N. (2023). Perceived challenges and beyond to caravan traveling: A case study on customer insights. In G. Catenazzo (Ed.), Cases on traveler preferences, attitudes, and behaviors: Impact in the hospitality industry (pp. 166–196). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6919-4.ch009 | en |
| dc.references | Prayag, G., Buda, D.-M., & Jordan, E.J. (2021). Mortality salience and meaning in life for residents visiting dark tourism sites. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(9), 1508–1528. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1823398 | en |
| dc.references | Qian, L., Zheng, C., Wang, J., Pérez Sánchez, M.d.l.Á., Parra López, E., & Li, H. (2022). Dark tourism destinations: The relationships between tourists’ on-site experience, destination image and behavioural intention. Tourism Review, 77(2), 607–621. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2020-0360 | en |
| dc.references | Rasool, S., Tariq, H., Amin, M., Mubushar, M., & Cobanoglu, C. (2025). Dark tourism, thana tourism, and ghost tourism: A bibliometric visualization review for the last 23 years (2000–2023). Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 8(3), 937–966. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-04-2024-0300 | en |
| dc.references | Rather, R.A. (2021). Monitoring the impacts of tourism-based social media, risk perception and fear on tourist’s attitude and revisiting behaviour in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(23), 3275–3283. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1884666 | en |
| dc.references | Reddy, M.V., Boyd, S.W., & Nica, M. (2020). Towards a post-conflict tourism recovery framework. Annals of Tourism Research, 84, Article 102940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102940 | en |
| dc.references | Rimé, B., Bouchat, P., Paquot, L., & Giglio, L. (2020). Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social outcomes of the social sharing of emotion. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.024 | en |
| dc.references | Rojek, C. (1993). Ways of escape: Modern transformations in leisure and travel. Macmillan. | en |
| dc.references | Saad, M., Ishak, N.F., Abukhalifeh, A.N., & Abu Hassan, N. (2024). Dark tourism destination sustainability: Assessing visitors’ motivation and experience towards disaster sites in Malaysia. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 9(27), 249–254. https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v9i27.5553 | en |
| dc.references | Saad, M., Omar, A., Ong, M.H.A., & Tiwari, V. (2022). Tourists’ attitude matters for the international travelling intention to Malaysia: A study on tourism quality experience and travel frequency as determinant factors. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, 14(3s), 1486–1505. https://www.gbmrjournal.com/pdf/v14n3s/V14N3s-103.pdf | en |
| dc.references | Sarkar, A., Chakraborty, P., & Valeri, M. (2022). People’s perception on dark tourism: A quantitative exploration. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(13), 2042–2047. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1889483 | en |
| dc.references | Seaton, A.V. (1996). Guided by the dark: From thanatopsis to thanatourism. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2(4), 234–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527259608722178 | en |
| dc.references | Seccardini, G., & Desmoulins, L. (2023). Flawed public diplomacy: When Croatia Instagram Riviera narrative destination branding ignores dark tourism amateurs. Journal of Communication Management, 27(2), 277–292. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-04-2022-0039 | en |
| dc.references | Seraphin, H., & Korstanje, M.E. (2021). Dark tourism tribes: Social capital as a variable. In C. Pforr, R. Dowling & M. Volgger (Eds.), Consumer tribes in tourism: Contemporary perspectives on special-interest tourism (pp. 83–99). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7150-3_7 | en |
| dc.references | Šerić, N., Mihanović, A., & Tolj, A. (2020). Model for the development of a specialized dark tourist product. Transactions on Maritime Science, 9(2), 324–330. https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v09.n02.014 | en |
| dc.references | Shaheen, K., Zaman, K., Batool, R., Khurshid, M.A., Aamir, A., Shoukry, A.M., Sharkawy, M.A., Aldeek, F., Khader, J., & Gani, S. (2019). Dynamic linkages between tourism, energy, environment, and economic growth: Evidence from top 10 tourism-induced countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(30), 31273–31283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06252-1 | en |
| dc.references | Shekhar, & Valeri, M. (2022). Evolving themes in dark tourism research: A review study. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 70(4), 624–641. https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.4.6 | en |
| dc.references | Shmueli, G., Sarstedt, M., Hair, J.F., Cheah, J.-H., Ting, H., Vaithilingam, S., & Ringle, C.M. (2019). Predictive model assessment in PLS-SEM: Guidelines for using PLSpredict. European Journal of Marketing, 53(11), 2322–2347. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-02-2019-0189 | en |
| dc.references | Spracklen, K. (2017). Leisure, sports & society. Bloomsbury Publishing. | en |
| dc.references | Sun, J., & Lv, X. (2021). Feeling dark, seeing dark: Mind-body in dark tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 86, Article 103087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103087 | en |
| dc.references | Tan, G.A., & Lim, S. (2018). The “Pearl of the Orient” as a dark tourism destination in Malaysia. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 4(1), 68–80. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-04-2017-0023 | en |
| dc.references | Tim, C.Y., Sulaiman, A.I., Azman, A.A., Joanis, L., & Bakar, N.A. (2022). The impact of memorable tourism experience on behavioral intention: A case study of dark tourism destination – Kellie’s Castle, Perak. Hospitality, Tourism & Wellness, 6(1), 923–934. http://myscholar.umk.edu.my/bitstream/123456789/3957/1/T19.pdf | en |
| dc.references | Wang, J., Liu-Lastres, B., Ritchie, B.W., & Mills, D.J. (2019). Travellers’ self-protections against health risks: An application of the full protection motivation theory. Annals of Tourism Research, 78, Article 102743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102743 | en |
| dc.references | Weaver, D., Tang, C., Shi, F., Huang, M.-F., Burns, K., & Sheng, A. (2017). Dark tourism, emotions, and postexperience visitor effects in a sensitive geopolitical context: A Chinese case study. Journal of Travel Research, 57(6), 824–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517720119 | en |
| dc.references | Wong, J.-Y., & Kuo, C.-Y. (2021). How Chinese students’ travel constraints influence their travel intentions in Thailand: Moderating role of cross-cultural adaptation. Sustainability, 13(4), Article 1665. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041665 | en |
| dc.references | Yzer, M.C. (2022, November 10). Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior. In E.Y. Ho, C.L. Bylund, J.C.M. Van Weert & N. Bol (Eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Health Communication: Vol. 3. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119678816.iehc0777 | en |
| dc.references | Zainuddin, Z., Saad, M., & Ong, M.H.A. (2021). Tourism product quality perceptions and big spenders’ travel intentions in Malaysia: A comparative study of Southeast Asian and Middle Eastern countries. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Culinary Arts, 13(3), 80–200. | en |
| dc.references | Zhang, S., Zhao, L., Lu, Y., & Yang, J. (2016). Do you get tired of socializing? An empirical explanation of discontinuous usage behaviour in social network services. Information & Management, 53(7), 904–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2016.03.006 | en |
| dc.contributor.authorEmail | Saad, Mazni - maznisaad@iium.edu.my | |
| dc.contributor.authorEmail | Murad, Nur Farradilla - farradilla47@gmail.com | |
| dc.contributor.authorEmail | Kassim, Normalini Md - normalini_mk@yahoo.com | |
| dc.contributor.authorEmail | Ahmad, Aznita - aznita@unisel.edu.my | |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.18778/0867-5856.2025.19 | |
| dc.relation.volume | 35 | |