Z problematyki pitagoreizmu

Abstract

This article deals with two problems. The first is a question of reliable sources which would provide a basis for further research on pythagoreanism. The second is a question of the Pythagorean model of life - its essence, conditions for and significance. It is common to complain about a lack of reliable sources concerning early pythagoreanism. However, some basie data may be gathered by studying later, quite rich tradition coming from both Pythagorean and Aristotelian circles, as well as from works by Plato, Aristotle and some of Pythagoras' contemporaries. This is crucial for an attempt to define both the ethical and practical principles which the Pythagoreans followed. Moreover, in regard to a growing interest in the practical philosophy, Pythagorean model of life is not only a subject of theoretical and historical considerations. When studying this problem, it is necessary to deal with a whole range of other questions: borrowings from orphism, belief (or disbelief) in the immortality of the soul and in the metempsychosis. In addition, one has to consider the relationship between ethical principles and Pythagorean scientific research as well as between an individual and the universe seen as a superior being. The next two questions to be dealt with are: firstly, a problem of distinction between the so-called Pythagoreans and the acousmatic and secondly, a meaning of the symbols. The author is attracted by W. Burkert's thesis, in which symbols were obligatory for all and constituted the principles of life. By constant practice a Pythagorean man always had them in mind, therefore he could make use of them in every situation and his conduct was always right. The very last problem is that of pythagoreanism's influence - not only on the ancient philosophy, but also - through the Pythagorean concept of the soul - on this further development of philosophical ideas, up to the present