dc.contributor.author | Nicholls, Christine | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-08-23T13:52:36Z | |
dc.date.available | 2021-08-23T13:52:36Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2020-11-24 | |
dc.identifier.issn | 2083-2931 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/11089/38747 | |
dc.description.abstract | From the onset of the indefinite deferral of our previously taken-for-granted lives, an abundance of humorous online cartoons, jokes, memes, videos and other satirical material relating to the COVID-19 outbreak—and its consequences—has emerged. Humorous responses to this dire global pandemic proliferate irrespective of location, nationality, ethnicity, age, gender and/or socio-political affiliations. Against a background of enforced lockdowns, quarantine, and sometimes gross political ineptitude, with a mounting daily global death toll, humour referencing this scourge continues to blossom. This may seem counterintuitive or inappropriate at a time of heightened anxiety and fear apropos of an invisible killer-virus, known only in diagrammatic—and, ironically, aesthetically pleasing—visual form. Online humour evoking the COVID-19 crisis is expressed recursively via intertextuality referencing literary, visual, written, oral or other “texts.” Interpictoriality is evident with memes that reconfigure renowned visual artworks. The internet enables copious discourse related to the COVID-19 eruption/disruption.Embedded in this article are examples to support the article’s theoretical basis, with intertextuality its major focus. Discussion follows, with speculation as to why humour, absurdity and wit are able to prosper in an environment of radical uncertainty and why joking about our parlous global predicament acts as a vital coping mechanism. | en |
dc.language.iso | en | |
dc.publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego | pl |
dc.relation.ispartofseries | Text Matters: A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture;10 | en |
dc.rights.uri | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 | |
dc.subject | viral humour | en |
dc.subject | COVID-19 quarantine | en |
dc.subject | online exemplars | en |
dc.subject | analysis of specific works | en |
dc.subject | validity of humorous discourse amidst a global pandemic | en |
dc.title | Online Humour, Cartoons, Videos, Memes, Jokes and Laughter in the Epoch of the Coronavirus | en |
dc.type | Article | |
dc.page.number | 274-318 | |
dc.contributor.authorAffiliation | Australian National University, Canberra | en |
dc.identifier.eissn | 2084-574X | |
dc.references | Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1983. Print. | en |
dc.references | Bakhtin, Mikhail. Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Trans. Vern W. McGee. Ed. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin: U of Texas P, 1986. Print. | en |
dc.references | Beckett, Samuel. En attendant Godot. Paris: Minuit, 1952. Print. | en |
dc.references | Betcher, R. William. “Intimate Play and Marital Adaptation.” Psychiatry 44 (1981): 13–33. Print. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1981.11024088 ; PMid:27755884 | en |
dc.references | Bienkov, Adam. “Scientists Fear the Hunt for a Coronavirus Vaccine Will Fail and We Will All Have to Live with the ‘Constant Threat’ of COVID-19.” Businessinsider.com.au. Business Insider Australia 25 Apr. 2020. Web. 25 Apr. 2020. | en |
dc.references | Bjurwald, Lisa. “Social Distance, Swedish style.” Politico.eu. Politico 30 Mar. 2020. Web. 20 Apr. 2020. | en |
dc.references | Blackmore, Susan. The Meme Machine. London: Oxford UP, 1999. Print. | en |
dc.references | Boston, Richard. An Anatomy of Laughter. London: Collins, 1974. Print. | en |
dc.references | Bremmer, Jan N., and Herman Roodenburg. A Cultural History of Humour: From Antiquity to the Present Day. Cambridge: Polity, 1997. Print. | en |
dc.references | Camus, Albert. La peste. Paris: Gallimard, 1947. Print. | en |
dc.references | Camus, Albert. Le mythe de Sisyphe. Paris: Gallimard, 1942. Print. | en |
dc.references | Camus, Albert. The Myth of Sisyphus. Trans. Justin O’Brien. London: Penguin Classics. 1955. Print. | en |
dc.references | Camus, Albert. The Plague. Trans. Stuart Gilbert. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1960. Print. | en |
dc.references | Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. Biographia Literaria. Gutenberg.org. Project Gutenberg Jul. 2004. Web. 3 Aug. 2020. | en |
dc.references | “Coronavirus: Outcry after Trump Suggests Injecting Disinfectant as Treatment.” Bbc.com. BBC 24 Apr. 2020. Web. 25 Apr. 2020. | en |
dc.references | Clark, Michael. “Humour and Incongruity.” Philosophy 45.171 (1970): 20–32. Print. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003181910000958X | en |
dc.references | Davies, Christie. Jokes and Targets. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2011. Print. | en |
dc.references | Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1976. Print. | en |
dc.references | Dayan, Daniel, and Elihu Katz. “Media Events: On the Experience of Not Being There.” Religion 15.3 (1985): 305–14. Print. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-721X(85)90017-X | en |
dc.references | Dayan, Daniel. Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1992. Print. | en |
dc.references | Deutsch Presse-Agentur (DPA). “Americans Follow Trump ‘Advice’ by Gargling Bleach.” The Australian Newspaper 8 Jun. 2020: 8. Print. | en |
dc.references | de Waal, Frans. Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are? UK: Granta, 2016. Print. | en |
dc.references | Eagleton, Terry. Humour. US Office: Yale UP, 2019. Print. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvfc528q | en |
dc.references | “Family, Domestic and Sexual Violence in Australia.” Aihw.giv.au. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 15 May 2019. Web. 19 Oct. 2019. | en |
dc.references | Farmer, Blake. “At Least 9,000 U.S. Health Care Workers Sickened With COVID-19, CDC Data Shows.” Npr.org. Nashville Public Radio 15 Apr. 2020. Web. 20 May 2020. | en |
dc.references | Francis, Adrian. Personal communication with the author. 17 Jun. 2020. | en |
dc.references | Freud, Sigmund. Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Volume VIII. London: Hogarth/The Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953/1974. Print. | en |
dc.references | Fromkin, Victoria A. “Slips of the Tongue.” Scientific American 229 (Dec. 1973): 181–86. Print. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1273-110 ; PMid:4756435 | en |
dc.references | Georges, Robert A., and Alan Dundes. “Toward a Structural Definition of the Riddle.” The Journal of American Folklore 76.300 (1963): 111–18. Print. https://doi.org/10.2307/538610 | en |
dc.references | Ginsburg, Kenneth R., the Committee on Communications, and the Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health. “The Importance of Play in Promoting Healthy Child Development and Maintaining Strong Parent-Child Bonds.” Pediatrics 119.1 (Jan. 2007): 182–91. Web. 6 Aug. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2697 | en |
dc.references | Glendinning, Phil. “Asylum Seekers, Refugees and Human Dignity.” Social Alternatives 34.1 (2015): 27–33. Print. | en |
dc.references | Glez, Damien. “[Chronique] Top 10 des bénéfices inattendus du coronavirus.” Jeuneafrique.com. Jeune Afrique 26 Mar. 2020. Web. 30 Mar. 2020. | en |
dc.references | Groos, Karl. The Play of Man. Trans. Elizabeth L. Baldwin. New York: D. Appleton, 1912. Print. | en |
dc.references | Groos, Karl. “The Psychology of Animal Play.” The Play of Animals. Trans. Elizabeth L. Baldwin. New York: D. Appleton, 1898. 287–328. Print. | en |
dc.references | Haastrup, Helle Kannik. “One Re-Enchanted Evening: The Academy Awards as a Mediated Ritual within Celebrity Culture.” Northern Lights: Film and Media Yearbook 6.1 (2008): 127–42. Print. https://doi.org/10.1386/nl.6.1.127_1 | en |
dc.references | Halfpenny, Kate. “Winnie the Pooh Banned in China over Comparisons to President Xi.” Thenewdaily.com.au. New Daily 7 Aug. 2018. Web. 31 May 2020. | en |
dc.references | Holland, Norman N. “The ‘Willing Suspension of Disbelief ’ Revisited.” The Centennial Review 11.1 (1967): 1–23. Print. | en |
dc.references | Hunter, David J. Essentials of Discrete Mathematics. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2011. Print. | en |
dc.references | Jackson, David. “Trump Says Schools Should Reopen Because Children Are ‘Virtually Immune.’” Usatoday.com. USA Today 5 Aug. 2020. Web. 7 Aug. 2020. | en |
dc.references | Kessler, Glenn. “Trump’s Claim That 99% of Coronavirus Cases Are Totally Harmless.” Washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post 8 Jul. 2020. Web. 20 Jul. 2020. | en |
dc.references | Knight, Charles A. The Literature of Satire. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004. Print. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511485428 | en |
dc.references | Kollwitz, Kath. Personal communication with the author. 3 Jun. 2020 | en |
dc.references | Kuipers, Giselinde. Good Humor, Bad Taste: A Sociology of the Joke. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2015. Print. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501510441 | en |
dc.references | Lintern, Shaun. “Coronavirus: Medics Shouldn’t Work without Safe PPE, Doctors Told as Fears Grow UK Pandemic Stockpile Is Almost Empty.” Independent.co.uk. Independent 20 Apr. 2020. Web. 20 Apr. 2020. | en |
dc.references | Malley, Robert. “Continuing with the Status Quo Offers Only the Prospect of Endless War. 10 Conflicts to Watch in 2020.” Crisisgroup. org. International Crisis Group 27 Dec. 2019. Web. 3 Jul. 2020. | en |
dc.references | McGrew, May. Rev. of The Meme Machine, by Susan Blackmore. PaleoAnthropology 1 (2003): 23–24. Print. | en |
dc.references | Milner Davis, Jessica. “‘Aussie’ Humour and Laughter: Joking as an Acculturating Ritual.” Serious Frolic: Essays on Australian Humour. Ed. Frances De Groen and Peter Kirkpatrick. Queensland: U of Queensland P, 2009. 31–47. Print. | en |
dc.references | Milner Davis. Personal communication with the author. 12 May 2020. | en |
dc.references | Mrowa-Hopkins, Colette. Personal communication with the author. 3 Jul. 2020. | en |
dc.references | Nash, Walter. The Language of Humour. London: Longman, 1985. Print. | en |
dc.references | Nilsen, Don L. F. “The Importance of Tendency: An Extension of Freud’s Concept of Tendentious Humor.” Humor: International Journal of Humor Studies 1 (1988): 335–47. Print. https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.1988.1.4.335 | en |
dc.references | Norrick, Neal R. “Intertextuality in Humor.” Humor 2.2 (2009): 117–140. Web. 20 May 2020. https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.1989.2.2.117 | en |
dc.references | Orthner, Dennis K. “Leisure Activity Patterns and Marital Satisfaction over the Marital Career.” Journal of Marriage and Family 37 (1975): 91–102. Print. https://doi.org/10.2307/351033 | en |
dc.references | Orthner, Dennis K. “Patterns of Leisure and Marital Interaction.” Journal of Leisure Research 8 (1976): 98–111. Print. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1976.11970261 | en |
dc.references | Osaki, Tomohiro. “Abenomask? Prime Minister’s ‘Two Masks per Household’ Policy Spawns Memes on Social Media.” Japantimes.co.jp. Japan Times 2 Apr. 2020. Web. 16 Jun. 2020. | en |
dc.references | Pansy the Dancing Horse. Amy Savarese. Online video clip. Vimeo.com. Vimeo 5 Dec. 2015. Web. 20 May 2020. | en |
dc.references | Połońska-Kimunguyi, Eva, and Marie Gillespie. “Terrorism Discourse on French International Broadcasting: France 24 and the Case of Charlie Hebdo Attacks in Paris.” European Journal of Communication 31.5 (2016): 568–83. Print. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116669453 | en |
dc.references | Provine, Robert. “Contagious Laughter: Laughter is a Sufficient Stimulus for Laughs and Smiles.” Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 30.1 (1992): 1–4. Print. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03330380 | en |
dc.references | Rabin, Roni Caryn, and Chris Cameron. “Trump Falsely Claims ‘99 Percent’ of Virus Cases Are ‘Totally Harmless.’” Nytimes.com. The New York Times 5 Jul. 2020. Web. 5 Jul. 2020. | en |
dc.references | Rand, Ayn. Atlas Shrugged. New York: Random, 1957. Print. | en |
dc.references | Rose, Jacqueline. “Pointing the Finger.” London Review of Books 42.9 (2020): n.p. Lrb.co.uk. Web. 2 Jun. 2020. | en |
dc.references | Rose, Margaret A. Pictorial Irony, Parody, and Pastiche: Comic Interpictoriality in the Arts of the 19th and 20th Centuries. Bielefeld: Aisthesis Verlag, 2011. Print. | en |
dc.references | Sandford, Alasdair, and Luke Hurst. “Boris Johnson Grilled on ‘Vague’ UK Coronavirus Lockdown Advice.” Euronews.com. Euronews 12 May 2020. Web. 15 May 2020. | en |
dc.references | Shaftesbury (Earl of), Anthony Ashley Cooper. Sensus Communis: An Essay on the Freedom of Wit and Humour. In a Letter to a Friend. UK: Gale Ecco, 2018. Print. | en |
dc.references | Sherzer, Joel. “Puns and Jokes.” Handbook of Discourse Analysis: Discourse and Dialogue. Ed. Teun A. Van Dijk. London: Academic, 1985. 213–21. Print. | en |
dc.references | Shifman, Limor. “Memes in a Digital World: Reconciling with a Conceptual Troublemaker.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 18.3 (2013): 362–77. Print. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12013 | en |
dc.references | Suls, Jerry M. “A Two Stage Model for Appreciation of Jokes and Cartoons: An Information-Processing Analysis.” The Psychology of Humor: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Issues. Ed. Jeffrey H. Goldstein and Paul E. McGhee. New York: Academic, 1972. 81–100. Print. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-288950-9.50010-9 | en |
dc.references | Timms, Peter. Silliness: A Serious History. South Australia: Wakefield, 2019. Print. | en |
dc.references | Totilo, Stephen. “When a Gaming Fantasy Is Eerily Close to Reality.” Nytimes.com. The New York Times 8 Apr. 2020. Web. 11 Apr. 2020. | en |
dc.references | Turak, Natasha. “Wearing a Mask Can Significantly Reduce Coronavirus Transmission, Study on Hamsters Claims.” Cnbc.com. CNBC (Consumer News and Business Channel) 19 May 2020. Web. 20 May 2020. | en |
dc.references | Veale, Tony. “Strategies and Tactics for Ironic Subversion.” Developments in Linguistic Humour Theory. Topics in Humour Theory 1. Ed. Marta Dynel. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2013. 321–40. Print. https://doi.org/10.1075/thr.1.15vea | en |
dc.references | Weber, Caroline. “Fasion [sic].” Nytimes.com. The New York Times 3 Dec. 2006. Web. 20 May 2020. | en |
dc.references | Zhao, Jinping, et al. “A Meta Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Laughter and Humour Interventions on Depression, Anxiety and Sleep Quality in Adults.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 75 (2019): 2435–48. Print. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14000 ; PMid:30882915 | en |
dc.contributor.authorEmail | christine.nicholls@anu.edu.au | |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.18778/2083-2931.10.17 | |