http://hdl.handle.net/11089/2945 Oriental studies - past and present : proceedings of the International Conference of Oriental Studies, Warsaw 2010 / ed. by Agata Bareja-Starzyńska and Marek Mejor Fri, 17 Apr 2026 16:26:32 GMT 2026-04-17T16:26:32Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/3385 How to Distinguish between Non-existing Entities? Dharmakīrti and Prajñākaragupta on Universals as Objects of Knowledge Franco, Eli The paper concerns the very beginning of the chapter on perception in Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇavārttika. It focuses on an apparent contradiction in Dignāga’s and Dhamrakīrti’s epistemology, namely, that universals do not exist and yet aare considered to be objects of valid inferences. Thus, universals have to be distinguished from other non-existing entities, such as objects of illusions. The paper elucidates Dharmakīrti’s theory with the help of his great commentator Prajñākaragupta. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/3385 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/3383 Temporal Characteristics of Japanese Verbs from the Contrastive Perspective Grzelak, Szymon In this study we investigate an alternative way to look into the aspectual properties of Polish and Japanese verbs from the contrastive perspective. The analysis is based on a formationally motivated classification of Polish aspect forms put forward in Młynarczyk (2004). Polish verbs are divided into five classes exhibiting a high degree of correspondence with the Vendlerian verb categories, being also compatible with the main stream accounts of Japanese aspectual meanings. In the core part of the paper, verbal forms of Polish and Japanese are tentatively contrasted within the grid of 15 Aktionsarten yielded by the above verb classes. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/3383 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/3382 Mongolian and Manchu Studies in Poland Tulisow, Jerzy Paper describes development of Mongolian and Manchu Studies in Poland starting with the activities of Jan Potocki, Ignacy Wojciechowski and Józef Kowalewski. It depicts works of Marian Lewicki and Stanisław Kałużyński as well as of modern scholars, such as Byambaa Ragchaa, Agata Bareja-Starzyńska, Jan Rogala and Jerzy Tulisow. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/3382 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/3381 What do Ancient Indian Cosmogonies Tell us about Language? Jurewicz, Joanna The aim of the paper is to reconstruct the Vedic concept of language as presented in the Brāhmaṇas and to show that, according to the Vedic thinkers, language not only expresses thoughts but also it is a social phenomenon which cannot develop without a speaking community. It is argued that cosmos, gods and society divided into four social states (varna) can be seen as God’s language and that the creation of the cosmos and society conveys the concept of God, who not only wants to express itself in its creation but also to talk via various speakers. This would reveal the Vedic concept of language seen as the means of self-expression in discourse. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11089/3381 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z