http://hdl.handle.net/11089/4370 2026-04-06T08:43:03Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/4577 W obronie Gumika. Uwagi o "Bajkach funkcjonalistów" Tadeusza Skalskiego Grabarczyk, Paweł The titular "Bandie" is a fictional creature devised by Tadeusz Skalski in his "Fairy Tales of Functionalism" (published in "Folia Philosophica" 24). It is supposed to be a reduction ad absurdum for the thesis of organizational invariance. I show that the argument works only because the though experiment Skalski uses is highly suggestive and that, contrary to Skalski's intentions, The Bandie is in fact quite a complex dynamic system. 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/4576 Miejsce metafor w badaniach nad komunikacją Domaradzki, Mikołaj The purpose of the present paper is to discuss several metaphorical conceptualizations of the phenomenon of communication from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. Apart from the purely linguistic and philosophical issues, the article touches upon the questions that concern the process of teaching and learning a foreign language (especially the so called "radically different one"). The thesis about our essentially metaphorical understanding of the phenomenon of communication, widely acknowledged in cognitive linguistics, is supported by empirical data drawn from Arabic and several Indo-European languages. Subsequently, the thesis is taken as a point of departure for discussing such issues as the problem of cross-linguistic variation of metaphors and their biological motivation. The paper consists of three sections: the first one examines the metaphor of communication as transfer, the second considers the metaphor of communication as enlightening, whereas the third presents some philosophical observations. The most important conclusion that is drawn here has it that the potential universality of various metaphorical conceptualizations is a very useful heuristic and didactic tool, for the existence of a common ground between languages that are genetically unrelated makes it possible not only to account for the ease with which certain elements of the target language can be translated into the source language, but also to hypothesize about the general mechanisms that are responsible for understanding and acquiring the (radically) different target language. Needless to say, such hypotheses are of paramount importance for the process of teaching and learning a foreign (especially radically different) language. 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/4575 Episteologiczny ideał wiedzy i jego odrzucenie Sieczkowski, Tomasz In the paper I try to present what I termed epistheology in its relation to basic concepts of theory of knowledge: the knowledge itself, its unity and systemic character, criteria of truth and selfevidence, and the questions of justification (of knowledge and criteria of knowledge both) and ethical ideal of knowledge as the contemplation of God's design. Epistheology is thus an epistemic discourse based on and warranted by theological concepts. I analyze Descartes, Malebranche, Leibniz and the like to demonstrate the way this discourse operates. In the second part of the paper I sketch the British approach: empirical, secular, and most importantly based on the concept of verisimilitude. Humean philosophy is in this way not only seen as antagonistic to its continental predecessors, but also victorious as a foundation of new and fertile paradigm of secular science. 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11089/4574 O rozumowaniach imperatywnych Brożek, Anna; Jadacki, Jacek We assume that the imperative reasoning is a reasoning containing at least one step which is an imperative (or rather its content). At the same time, we understand the term "imperative" as a synonym of "imperative sentence". We assume that in its main usage, imperatives express a certain volitional act: namely, a will of realizing a certain state of affairs. In our opinion, such characterization is related to the contents of imperatives; we call these contents "prescriptions", remembering that in untypical usages prescriptions are not expressed by imperatives. Traditional approach to the processes of reasoning takes into account only these mental processes steps of which are declaratives or declarative sentences (or rather their contents – i.e. judgments). If processes of imperative reasoning are to belong to the range of the term "reasoning", the notion of reasoning has to receive a new, enlarging explication. We propose such an explication in the paper. 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z