http://hdl.handle.net/11089/41636 2026-04-08T11:38:17Z 2026-04-08T11:38:17Z Grzesiak, Lena Pakuła, Zuzanna Krykwiński, Patryk Witczak, Radosław Zimny, Artur http://hdl.handle.net/11089/41646 2022-04-15T01:16:34Z 2022-03-30T00:00:00Z

Dodatek kwartalny Grzesiak, Lena; Pakuła, Zuzanna; Krykwiński, Patryk; Witczak, Radosław; Zimny, Artur

2022-03-30T00:00:00Z Goździńska-Skóra, Aneta Zatoń, Wojciech http://hdl.handle.net/11089/41645 2022-04-15T01:16:39Z 2022-03-30T00:00:00Z

Zasady uczciwego obrotu w teorii i praktyce Goździńska-Skóra, Aneta; Zatoń, Wojciech The purpose of the article: General clauses are an important element of the legal system. They supplement the law regulations taking into account moral norms commonly accepted in society. Their general nature means that they are the subject of both discussions in the legal literature and comments and references in court decisions. The specificity of general clauses and the need to precise them in each case in which they are applied, result in a certain unpredictability of judgments. One of the most famous general clauses is the clause of principles of social coexistence. It appeared in the Polish legal system after World War II along with the new political system. It replaced the principle of good manners used in the Second Polish Republic. Since 1990, the return of the name of this principle to the Polish legal system has been visible. On the other hand, in legal regulations relating to the capital market, the clause of the principles of fair trade is used. It can be considered that the nature of the three clauses mentioned above is similar. The aim of the article is to analyze the nature and similarity of these general clauses with particular emphasis on the clause of the principles of fair trade in the capital market.Methodology: The study is theoretical and empirical in nature. The theoretical part was based on a review of the literature. The empirical part is realized by the analysis of the court decisions. Results of the research: The results show that the finding by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority a violation of the principles of fair trade as a basis for imposing administrative sanctions should be supported by a reference to the specific standard of conduct and be precisely described. It cannot be defined in general terms only. Otherwise, it may be effectively challenged by way of a complaint to an administrative court. On the other hand, in court judgments, in cases referring to the principles of social coexistence (the principles of fair trade), discrepancies in application can be noticed resulting from the specificity of general clauses.

2022-03-30T00:00:00Z Nowakowski, Michał Waliszewski, Krzysztof http://hdl.handle.net/11089/41643 2022-04-15T01:16:31Z 2022-03-30T00:00:00Z

Sztuczna inteligencja w problematyce modeli oceny ryzyka w instytucjach finansowych z perspektywy prawno-regulacyjnej Nowakowski, Michał; Waliszewski, Krzysztof Purpose of the article / hypothesis: This article aims to verify the need to introduce additional legal and regulatory requirements in relation to the models used in banks, including, in particular, risk assessment models. At the same time, the article analyzes the need for possible introduction of sector-specific guidelines, or the need to include the above-mentioned models in the classification of high-risk artificial intelligence systems, referred to in the draft EU regulation on artificial intelligence.Methodology: The article is based on an analysis of the available literature on the subject, legal acts as well as regulations and standards developed both at the local and international level.Research results / results: The issue of the application of models in the financial sector, mainly banking, is of significant importance from the perspective of the regulator and supervisor. Quality, compliance with the regulations, but also efficiency and effective supervision may constitute the (instability) of a given financial institution, the instability of which may be a component – at least potentially – of systemic risk. Banks commonly use internal models that generally allow the calculation of capital requirements to cover specific risks in a bank’s business, such as credit risk or market risk. Internal models have been evolving for years and are undoubtedly becoming more and more accurate (they predict with a greater probability the occurrence of certain events), although they are still only certain assumptions that reality can verify, as evidenced by financial crises that have already occurred in the past as well as failures of banks considered to be stable. At the same time, the development of new technologies, in particular the so-called artificial intelligence makes institutions more and more willing to use various models, e.g. machine learning, to support these models and obtain theoretically better results. The European Union, but also other jurisdictions are considering or already introducing specific legal and regulatory solutions that are to introduce clear rules related to the use of certain artificial intelligence systems, including those used by financial institutions. As a result, institutions – already burdened with significant regulatory requirements, may soon be obliged to go through another "health path" of a legal and regulatory compliance nature.

2022-03-30T00:00:00Z Kozar, Łukasz http://hdl.handle.net/11089/41644 2023-01-31T08:11:22Z 2022-03-30T00:00:00Z

The Financial Sector and Sustainable Development - A Review of Selected Environmental Practices Implemented in Financial Institutions Operating in Poland Between 2016 and 2020 Kozar, Łukasz The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The main objective of the article is to present the directions of pro-environmental activities undertaken by institutions from the financial sector operating in Poland and their significance for green transformation of the economy. In turn, an additional aim of the analysis undertaken is to show whether financial institutions have instruments that are typical for them, but at the same time are aimed directly at the process of greening the economy.Methodology: The study is of a theoretical and analytical character. In addition to a review of available domestic and foreign literature on the subject, selected good environmental practices implemented in financial sector institutions in Poland in 2016–2020 were analysed. Qualitative data analysis (content analysis of good practices) was applied.Results of the research: 94 good environmental practices from 24 financial sector institutions were analysed. Different subject and object orientations of the good practices were observed. It was found that through the implementation of environmental activities, financial institutions can build a positive image in their surroundings. In terms of issues related to green transformation, a special role was assigned to banks, which can offer green banking products. Products of this type are directly aimed at supporting investments whose role is to change the existing way of economy to a more sustainable one.

2022-03-30T00:00:00Z