Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica 2015, nr 95. Studia z dziejów Polski i powszechnych XVI-XX wiekuhttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/187042024-03-29T14:44:31Z2024-03-29T14:44:31ZRola kobiet w hiszpańskich wyprawach zdobywczych w Ameryce Środkowej i Południowej w XVI w.Grzegorzewska, Kingahttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/187252018-02-01T11:20:56Z2015-01-01T00:00:00ZRola kobiet w hiszpańskich wyprawach zdobywczych w Ameryce Środkowej i Południowej w XVI w.
Grzegorzewska, Kinga
I would like to present in this article the question of the participation of women in the martial
and exploratory expeditions to Central and South America organized by the Spanish in the sixteenth
century. Usually, descriptions of the expeditions are limited to the male participants, which
is why in this article I would like to direct attention to the participation and activity of women in
such enterprises. Native women performed serving functions of cooks, laundresses, porters, or
aided the Spanish as interpreters and provided them with information. Sometimes they took part in
expeditions in order to accompany their husbands or paramours, as female Indians were often
gifted to the conquerors as slaves. Spanish women often joined expeditions of which one of the aims was to settle newly conquered territories. They would set off together with their husbands or
paramours, often enjoying privileges which aggravated the other participants. Women took
a variety of tasks upon themselves, frequently advising leaders in problematic situations. The article
presents various forms of activity of the members of the fair sex during the expeditions, and
their status and influence on the success of the undertakings.
2015-01-01T00:00:00ZEpigrafika w Małogoszczu XVI–XVIII w.Karkocha, Małgorzatahttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/187242022-01-13T11:23:05Z2015-01-01T00:00:00ZEpigrafika w Małogoszczu XVI–XVIII w.
Karkocha, Małgorzata
In Małogoszcz there are preserved 55 epigraphic monuments from the late 16th to 18th century.
The mentioned town is one of the most important centers of Old Polish epigraphy in the region and
in general in the province of Kielce. Richer resources can boast only Jędrzejów (59 epigraphic
monuments) and Kielce (57 epigraphic monuments).
Epigraphic monuments in Małogoszcz are located in places of worship (parish church dedicated
to Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Stanislaus branch church in Babinek), with one exception of the inscription located on the window frame of presbytery. There are 17 monuments
of the 16th century, 35 of the next century, and 3 of the 18th century. Among the inscriptions
the most abundant are all kind of tablets (gravestone, commemorative, votive, aphoristic and aphoristic-
votive plaques) in the number of 23. In second place in terms of numbers ranked up the graffiti,
which are 15. We also have three heraldic cartouches, two portals, the same number of chalices
and bells, a stone slab, a frame of window, a chasuble, a monstrance, a ciborium, a vessel designed
to keep the holy oils, ampoules and a votive plaque. Most of the inscriptions were carried out in
Latin, and only three in Polish. The dominant type of script is inscriptional capitals (humanistic
capitals).
Most of the monuments were found by the clergymen. It should be emphasized activities of
two representatives of Chrostkowic family – Jacob Bieda and his nephew Jacob (the Younger).
They founded more than 20 objects bearing inscriptions. A smaller share in foundations had representatives
of the other states – townspeople and noblemen.
In epigraphy of Małogoszcz there is a high volume of various types of abbreviation. The most
popular is suspension, and in inscriptions of the 16th and 17th century also abbreviatio per signum
abreviationis. It is characteristic a little quantity of shortening per litteram suprascriptam. There is
also a small amount of shortening in inscriptions carried out in Polish. The stonemasons from
Małogoszcz often skipped the characters describing the hash value as well. In the monuments of the
late 16th century and the first half of the 17th century, draws attention the way of saving the daily
and annual dates, not occurring anywhere else in the region. It shall also apply the specific and
unique measures of abbreviation, that make almost impossible to decipher an inscription.
2015-01-01T00:00:00ZUgoda w Janowcu z października 1606 r. w świetle dwóch pism politycznychCzekalska, Adriannahttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/187232018-02-01T11:20:59Z2015-01-01T00:00:00ZUgoda w Janowcu z października 1606 r. w świetle dwóch pism politycznych
Czekalska, Adrianna
The reign of Sigismund III Vasa excites controversy today. One of the hardest events seems to
be a conflict of the King and the nobility, which is known in the literature as Zebrzydowski rebellion.
This dispute can be divided into two phases: the period from March 1606 to the Janowiec
compromise on 4–8 October 1606, and the events of the years 1607–1609.
This article presents the position of opponents and supporters of the findings which were
signed in the camp in Janowiec. There were compared two propaganda writings. They were written
after agreement in Janowiec and they are part of the extensive editing of the source published by
Jan Czubek. Although the two letters were written by two different groups, a common goal connects
them – getting undecided representatives.
The agreement announced by Sigismund III on October 8, 1606 did not end the conflict. One
if the main points of the agreement was the commitment of the King to convene the Polish Parliament,
which was supposed to consider a settlement. Deferring a decision on the opening of the
debate has led to increase in 1607 the tension among the Polish nobility. It was the beginning of the
next phase of the rebellion, whose highlight was a battle of Guzów on July 6, 1607.
2015-01-01T00:00:00ZWspółdziałanie wojsk Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów w pierwszym etapie walk kampanii cudnowskiejBomanowski, Boguszhttp://hdl.handle.net/11089/187222018-02-01T11:21:01Z2015-01-01T00:00:00ZWspółdziałanie wojsk Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów w pierwszym etapie walk kampanii cudnowskiej
Bomanowski, Bogusz
This researchers are intended to comprehend and put under analyses a set of modes of cooperation
performed by different military units under Polish command during first part of the cudnovian
campaign, including hostilities under Kutyszcze, Lubar and during the retreat of Moscovian-
-Cossack army on the path to Cudnow.
A proper campaign became my choice as a subject of researches, because indigenous and
unique Polish-Lithuanian art of War achieved very high level of development in this period, perfected
by great hetmans since the end of 16th century. It gives a good background to examine methods
of cooperation by different types of forces in the army of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Conclusions made in the wake of analyses devoted to the first part of this campaign could be
formed in to four sets.
1. Modular and diverse structure of Polish army amended by large group of Crimean light
cavalry is a flexible and versatile power. It gives a large superiority over Moscovian-Cossack
forces. Commanders on different levels of command are able to create ad hoc joint task force and to
variegate cooperation modes between them.
2. Cooperation is predominant quality of Polish forces during vast majority of sufficient
actions in this campaign. Diacritically large spectrum of available types of specialized units causes
a mixture of capabilities and complicated scenarios of cooperation, which is used with great
outcome to step up the effectiveness of Polish army. Despite confrontation with very strong
discipline of Moscovian-Cossack forces, their sustainable, enduring defense, desperate brave in
close combat and good command, there are only one dominant and pervasive force – Polish army
and Tatars were creative enough, to bring their opponents to the passive role.
3. Some weak moments in polish-tatar cooperation could be also observed. Especially Tatars
are the reason of some havoc in collective actions. They attack without permission (battle of
Kutyszcze) or withhold their units to avoid losses, making Poles to fight alone (by the Ibr river).
4. Ad hoc although not hasty actions are performed alongside with disciplined methodical
operations. Commanders of small units (under regimental level: banners, squadrons etc.) are
creative but also it is visible, that among all polish forces officers are provided with a dependable
background of unified procedures which they choose to operate in a wide spectrum of tactical
situations. Hostilities started by the charge of hussars under Wilczkowski and continued by action
of musketeers is a god example here. It is a modern army with standardized roles and procedures,
but not bounded with it. Enthusiasm of soldiers and their readiness to support each other is showed
by units, who spontaneously engage the cooperation.
2015-01-01T00:00:00Z