http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13309 2026-04-11T22:13:41Z 2026-04-11T22:13:41Z Barszczewska-Krupa, Alina http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13433 2018-02-01T11:19:24Z 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z

Od Redaktora Barszczewska-Krupa, Alina

1998-01-01T00:00:00Z Iwańska, Marzena http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13432 2022-01-13T09:47:33Z 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z

Paryż w oczach polskich uchodźców u progu Wielkiej Emigracji Iwańska, Marzena When a group of Polish emigrants came to Paris after the November Insurrection in the Autumn of 1831, their images of Paris as a splendid place were not confirmed. Poles were offended by street disorder, untidines and lack of space. They were also overpowered with noise, permanent street traffic and crowd. Feeling of solitude and loss was intensified in the face of the world of all-powerful trade and publicity. Polish emigrants were unable to find their place in that great, strange and ruled by power of money city, typical for Western-European civilization. Citizens of French capital were also not especially friendly. Poles experienced really nice moments when they visited respectable Paris monuments and remains of the past.

1998-01-01T00:00:00Z Żurawski vel Grajewski, Radosław http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13431 2018-02-01T11:19:27Z 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z

Ugrupowanie polityczne księcia A. J. Czartoryskiego wobec misji dyplomatycznej lorda J. G. L. Durhama do Petersburga w 1832 r. Żurawski vel Grajewski, Radosław Lord John G. L. Durham’s mission to Petersburg (July-October 1832) made an unexpected opportunity for Prince A. J. Czartoryski’s diplomatic activity on Polish matters. Prince Adam met British diplomat and provided him with many memorandums and instructions, concerning goals and ways of negotiations with tsar Nicholas I. He emphasized a necessity for opposing an international agreement on Russian changes in legal status of the Kingdom of Poland, as well as, treatment of Polish issue as a domestic problem of Russia. He tried to win a support for basing future negotiations on Vienna Treaty decisions and for future international conference on Polish matters. He argued for co-operation between France and Great Britain and for similar diplomatic missions to Berlin and Vienna. He also demanded British support for pro-Polish propaganda in Great Britain. Lord J. Durham did not run a risk of talking with tsar about Polish matter and he achieved no serious results concerning that issue. It happened so because an agreement with Russia on Belgian matters was regarded by British government as the most important goal of the mission, as well as, Russians did not tolerate any talks about Poland. Both Lord J. Durham and Prince A. J. Czartoryski considered a war against Russia to be the only possibility for solving Polish matter, and both were aware Britain was unable to decide on it then. In fact, Durham’s mission gave some positive results for Polish matters: Britain unofficially recognized breaking Vienna Congress decisions in Poland, as well as, appreciated importance of Czartoryski’s diplomatic service as a source of information. British press remained mostly anti-Russian.

1998-01-01T00:00:00Z Markiewicz, Grzegorz http://hdl.handle.net/11089/13430 2021-07-05T09:39:53Z 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z

Z badań nad przesłankami fermentu intelektualnego w Królestwie Polskim bezpośrednio po powstaniu styczniowym Markiewicz, Grzegorz Although policy of tsarism towards Poland was not favourable to any intellectual movement, a progressive intellectual leaven could be seen shortly after the January Insurrection of 1863. Development of intelligentsia, press, publishing business and sciences became favourable for it. Warsaw became a main center of intellectual life. The intellectual leaven was undoubtedly based on changes in Polish reality. Patterns of ideas were transmited from West-European thinkers. Although first signs of the leaven could be seen before 1863, but philosophy of positivism popularized in 1860s and 1870s gave it a new sense. However a vivacious intellectual movement did not rise new problems or questions, answers given during debates and polemics made for an intellectual revolution. The problems which were risen concerned idea of the world and the man as well as man’s place in nature and in society; laws of nature, society and history, limits for human knowledge, science and religion. They concerned also ethical and aesthetical attitudes and first of all philosophy of life, proper for Polish society.

1998-01-01T00:00:00Z