http://hdl.handle.net/11089/1116 2026-06-14T16:30:47Z 2026-06-14T16:30:47Z Wiaderek, Filip http://hdl.handle.net/11089/58461 2026-06-12T03:59:20Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Milcząca koordynacja zachowań rynkowych w unijnym prawie ochrony konkurencji Wiaderek, Filip When modern antitrust systems were first taking shape, their architects envisioned "smoke-filled rooms" where competitors negotiated common market strategies. This perception influenced the conceptual framework upon which institutions designed to protect competition from coordinated conduct were built. Economic practice has demonstrated, however, that coordination among undertakings does not always result from explicit agreements to cooperate. This form of coordination is termed tacit. Initially, economists believed its occurrence was limited to markets with high concentration levels that essentially compelled market players to account for competitors' actions in their strategies. However, transformations in our economic reality mean that competition problems associated with tacit coordination are intensifying. Contributing factors include ongoing concentration processes leading to stable oligopolies, and technological progress that has transformed how firms communicate and provided new tools for analysing economic data and optimizing market strategies. This dissertation examines whether EU antitrust institutions employ concepts adequate to the ways in which undertakings coordinate their market strategies. The research focuses on the scope of application of EU competition law institutions to anticompetitive effects resulting from tacitly coordinated conduct. The research has demonstrated that legal instruments functioning outside the EU legal order can supplement gaps in application of basic competition law institutions. Solutions at the intersection of antitrust law and market regulation appear particularly significant for changing how EU competition rules relate to this phenomenon. Given the growing importance of these issues in competition protection, their introduction at the EU level appears to be the right direction.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Grubalska, Aleksandra http://hdl.handle.net/11089/58374 2026-05-22T04:05:04Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Udział czynnika społecznego w orzekaniu w polskim procesie karnym Grubalska, Aleksandra Tematem rozprawy doktorskiej jest zagadnienie udziału czynnika społecznego w orzekaniu w polskim procesie karnym, co oznacza partycypację obywateli – sędziów niezawodowych w rozpoznawaniu spraw karnych. Ich obecność i rola w procesie różni się od innych przejawów realizacji zasady udziału czynnika społecznego w rozprawie głównej. W fazie orzekania (podczas rozprawy oraz narady i głosowania) uczestniczą jedynie ławnicy. Struktura pracy skupia się głownie na dwóch metodach badawczych – prawnoporównawczej i formalno-dogmatycznej. Pierwszy rozdział pracy to rozdział historycznoprawny. W drugim rozdziale rozprawy doktorskiej zastosowano metodę komparatystyczną. Celem wskazanego rozdziału było poszukiwanie konstrukcji z prawa obcego, w zakresie udziału czynnika społecznego w orzekaniu w procesie karnym, które mogłyby zostać inkorporowane do polskiego porządku prawnego. Trzeci rozdział stanową badania formalno-dogmatyczne. Udział czynnika społecznego w prawie polskim (w zakresie procedur) ma swoją podstawę w przepisach kodeksu postępowania karnego i postępowania cywilnego sensu largo (prawo rodzinne i prawo pracy). Podstawę prawną konstrukcji stanowią również przepisy Konstytucji RP oraz uregulowania ustrojowe. W rozdziale tym dokonano analizy przedmiotowych regulacji. W czwartym rozdziale rozprawy doktorskiej poczyniono badania formalno-dogmatyczne w zakresie projektów ustawodawczych w odniesieniu do instytucji sędziego pokoju. W piątym rozdziale zastosowano metodę empiryczną. Przedstawiono w nim wyniki badań, obejmujących wywiady z przedstawicielami wymiaru sprawiedliwości (sędziami i ławnikami) w zakresie świadomości prawnej obywateli sprawujących wymiar sprawiedliwości i podejście prawników praktyków do społeczeństwa. W szóstym rozdziale rozprawy doktorskiej podjęto próbę stworzenia modelu udziału czynnika społecznego w orzekaniu w polskim procesie karnym.; Topic of this doctoral dissertation is the issue of participation of the social factor in adjudicating in Polish criminal process, which implies the participation of citizens – lay judges – in criminal trial. Their presence and the role in the process differs from other examples of the principle of the social factor in the trial. During the adjudicating phase (the trial, deliberations, and voting), only lay judges can participate. The first chapter is based on the historical method. The second chapter presents a comparative method. The purpose of this chapter was to explore constructs from foreign law regarding the participation of the social factor in criminal proceedings that could be incorporated into the Polish law. The third chapter presents formal-dogmatic research. The participation of the social factor in Polish law (in terms of procedures) is based on the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure and the broader sense of civil procedure (family law and labor law) and includes provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and systemic regulations. The fourth chapter conducts formal-dogmatic research on legislative proposals regarding the institution of justice of the peace. The fifth chapter presents an empirical method - the results of research, including interviews with representatives of the justice system (judges and lay judges) regarding the legal awareness of citizens administering justice and the lawyers’ perspective of the society. The sixth chapter of the doctoral dissertation attempts to introduce a model of the participation of the social factor in adjudicating in Polish criminal proceedings.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Wiącek, Tomasz http://hdl.handle.net/11089/58158 2026-05-08T03:42:09Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Znaczenie prawne decentralised autonomous organisation Wiącek, Tomasz The research objective adopted in this dissertation is to determine the legal meaning of the DAO, i.e. Decentralised Autonomous Organisations. A DAO is a digital entity based on software − smart contracts − executed on the blockchain. However, beyond its computer code, a DAO also requires a human component. Thus, a DAO may be defined as a specific type of association based on a decentralised, semi-autonomous system. From an ontological standpoint, a DAO, as a decentralised digital entity, represents an exceptionally innovative phenomenon. By addressing this subject, the dissertation fills a research gap within Polish legal scholarship concerning the legal relevance of DAOs. The dissertation examines the hypothesis of the alegality of decentralised autonomous organisations, which posits that DAOs, in their proper understanding, cannot be effectively regulated by statutory law. This is due to the technological characteristics of DAOs as decentralised entities that exist through blockchain technology. The research conducted for the purposes of the dissertation allows for substantial confirmation of the examined hypothesis. As DAOs − according to the assumptions of blockchain advocates − are not controlled by any single entity or organised group, but rather by a community of independent software users, the state should not strive to regulate their operations at all costs. In relation to such DAOs, legislators’ approach should be based on the so-called “inclusion by exclusion.” This approach assumes the legal recognition of the existence of DAOs while specifying that entities of this nature are not subject to certain regulatory obligations. However, the hypothesis of DAO alegality can be reasonably challenged in part. Many DAOs operating in practice, despite their declared decentralisation, possess points of centralised control. This includes, above all, the ability to update DAO software, transfer funds stored in DAO smart contracts, or determine the organisation’s direction through voting, where a narrow group of individuals holds a majority of governance tokens and thereby exercises control. Within the author’s proposed legislative and regulatory approach to DAOs presented in the dissertation, it is argued that entities exercising such control − if they can be identified − should bear responsibility for the DAO’s actions, including violations of the law. The first part of the doctoral dissertation focuses on general issues of blockchain technology and its legal relevance. The second chapter addresses the question of what a DAO is, based on a systematic review of the literature. The third chapter, which also examines the nature of DAOs, presents the results of empirical analysis. The fourth and final part of the dissertation focuses on the legal aspects of DAOs and presents final conclusions regarding their legal relevance. The research results largely confirm, but also partially refute, the hypothesis verified in the dissertation. Moreover, the considerations on the legal relevance of DAOs have allowed for the formulation of several original subsidiary conclusions.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Koczy, Nikola http://hdl.handle.net/11089/57762 2026-03-24T05:03:22Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Przestępstwo niealimentacji w polskim prawie karnym. Zasadność utrzymywania karalności w art. 209 k.k. Koczy, Nikola This doctoral dissertation examines the legitimacy, proportionality, and necessity of maintaining criminal liability for non-alimony under Article 209 of the Polish Criminal Code. It analyzes the legal, constitutional, and social dimensions of penalizing the failure to fulfill alimony obligations, particularly in light of the 2017 amendment, which expanded the scope of criminal liability. The main objective is to assess whether criminal sanctions remain a justified and effective instrument for enforcing alimony obligations in the context of the constitutional principle of proportionality. The study employs a formal-dogmatic method, supplemented by historical, statistical, and sociological analyses, including an evaluation of legislative developments, case data, and public attitudes. The findings indicate that, despite the scale and social significance of non-alimony, the effectiveness of criminal law in ensuring compliance is limited. Penal measures may fail to achieve their preventive function and can negatively affect the debtor’s capacity to fulfill financial obligations, particularly in cases involving imprisonment. The dissertation also highlights the role of non-penal mechanisms, such as civil enforcement and administrative instruments, which may provide more effective and proportionate solutions, consistent with the principle of criminal law as ultima ratio. It concludes that the continued criminalization of non-alimony raises serious concerns regarding proportionality and effectiveness, and calls for a reconsideration of current legal policy in favor of less restrictive enforcement measures.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z