Kant i Hippel, czyli obywatelskość jako wartość
Streszczenie
This article deals with the comparative approach of two philosophers of the German
Enlightenment Immanuel Kant and Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel in the context of socio-
political issues, primarily civil society, civil rights, and civility. The article consists
of three parts. First part – presentation of the era of Frederick II, in particular the concept
of state reform, the formation of bourgeois consciousness and the role of Freemasonry.
The second part focuses on the semantic analysis of the notion of “citizen” and
the question of the change that took place at the end of the eighteenth century, namely
the transition from the original meaning of “city dwelling” to a political and legal
meaning. Kant’s practical philosophy takes up this theme. The third part is devoted to the analysis of the concept of “citizen” and the conditions and prospects for the
development of civil society in the philosophy of Kant and Hippel. Hippel’s concept
can be considered secondary to Kant’s. Nevertheless, both approaches – Kant’s and
Hippel’s – grow out of the spirit of the age, the expectation of change, the prospect of
a better world to come.
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